03 Classifications (Yeasts, Moulds, Fleshy Fungi)

Chlamydospores (Chlamydoconidia)

Thick-walled sporelike structures produced by some yeasts

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Baker’s yeast used in bread production and fermentation

Fermentation

Process where yeast converts sugar into alcohol

Anaerobic conditions

Conditions without oxygen

Aerobic conditions

Conditions with oxygen

Leavening agent

Substance that helps bread rise

Carbon dioxide

Gas produced by yeast during aerobic breakdown of sugars

Moulds

Fungi that grow as hyphae and form mycelium

Mycologists

Scientists who prefer the spelling “moulds”

Cytoplasmic filaments

Another term for hyphae

Aerial hyphae

Hyphae that extend above the surface

Vegetative hyphae

Hyphae located beneath the surface

Reproductive hyphae

Another name for aerial hyphae because spores form there

Spore formation

Method of mould reproduction

Sexual reproduction

Reproduction involving fusion of gametes

Asexual reproduction

Reproduction without fusion of gametes

Phytophthora infestans

Potato blight mould that caused the Irish potato famine

Potato blight

Plant disease caused by Phytophthora infestans

Great Potato Famine

Irish famine caused by potato blight mould

Antoine de Bary

Scientist who proved a fungus caused potato blight

Late blight of potato

First disease proven to be caused by a microorganism

Penicillium

Antibiotic-producing mould

Acremonium

Antibiotic-producing mould

Penicillin

First antibiotic discovered from mould

Semisynthetic penicillins

Chemically altered penicillins with broader activity

Ampicillin

Example of semisynthetic penicillin

Amoxicillin

Example of semisynthetic penicillin

Nafcillin

Example of semisynthetic penicillin

Amylase

Enzyme that converts starch into glucose

Citric acid

Organic acid produced commercially by moulds

Blue cheese

Cheese flavored by moulds

Roquefort

Cheese flavored by moulds

Camembert

Cheese flavored by moulds

Limburger

Cheese flavored by moulds

Dimorphism

Ability of fungi to exist as yeast or mould depending on conditions

Dimorphic fungi

Fungi that can live as yeasts or moulds

37°C

Temperature where dimorphic fungi grow as yeasts

25°C

Room temperature where dimorphic fungi grow as moulds

Histoplasma capsulatum

Dimorphic fungus causing histoplasmosis

Histoplasmosis

Disease caused by Histoplasma capsulatum

Sporothrix schenckii

Dimorphic fungus causing sporotrichosis

Sporotrichosis

Disease caused by Sporothrix schenckii

Coccidioides immitis

Dimorphic fungus causing coccidioidomycosis

Coccidioides posadasii

Dimorphic fungus causing coccidioidomycosis

Coccidioidomycosis

Disease caused by Coccidioides species

Blastomyces dermatitidis

Dimorphic fungus causing blastomycosis

Blastomycosis

Disease caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis

Microsporidia

Obligate intracellular parasitic fungi

Obligate intracellular parasite

Organism that must live inside a host cell

Polar filament

Unique organelle of microsporidia used to infect cells

Sporoplasm

Genetic material injected into host cells by microsporidia

Microsporidial spore

Resistant spore form of microsporidia

Immunocompromised hosts

People with weakened immune systems

Malabsorption

Inability to absorb nutrients properly

Fleshy fungi

Large fungi such as mushrooms and puffballs

Mushrooms

Fleshy fungi with mycelium and fruiting body

Toadstools

Type of fleshy fungi

Puffballs

Round fleshy fungi that release spores

Bracket fungi

Shelf-like fleshy fungi growing on trees

Fruiting body

Visible reproductive structure of mushrooms

Spore germination

Process where spores develop into new organisms

Edible fungi

Mushrooms safe to eat

Toxic fungi

Mushrooms that can cause poisoning

Amanita species

Toxic fleshy fungi that can cause severe disease or death

Liver damage

Possible effect of toxic mushroom ingestion

Brain damage

Possible effect of toxic mushroom ingestion

Mycelium

Network of fungal filaments growing in soil or logs