Physics Year 10

Nuclear physics

Nuclear physics

what is the approx size of an atom

10^-9

what is the approx size of a nucleus

10^-15

atom properties

What and why are protons and neutrons reffered to as

nucleons cause they are found in the nucleus

What determines what element something is

number of protons

What does nuclide mean

a distinct type of atomic nucleus defined by number of protons and it's energy state.

What is a isotope

a nuclide with the same number of protons but diffrent number of neutrons

if there is a number after a element e.g. Carbon 14 what does the number represent

the nucleon number

What is the diffrence between nucleon number and atomic mass

isotope nucleon number - protons + neutrons in that specific isotope / atomic mass - average nucleon number of all isotopes

Most isotopes are stable, the ones that are not are…

radioactive and will undergo radioactive decay

Fission and Fusion

Fission and Fusion

what is nuclear Fission

it is when a heavy unstable nucleus splits into two or more smaller, more stable nuclei

What is the primary trigger for this

the absorbtion of an extra neutron, which excites the nucleus

give an example

235_92 U + 1_0 n -> 92_36 Kr + 141_56 Ba + 3 1_0 n

are nuclear fission and fusion chemical reactions

no

What is nucleus Fusion

is when two or more smaller nuclides fuse to form one large one.

What is the trigger

immense heat and pressure

give an example

2_1 H + 2_1 H -> 3_2 He + 1_0 n

Alpha, Beta and Gamma rays

Alpha, Beta and Gamma rays

Alpha

Beta

gamma

Detection of radioactivity

Detection of radioactivity

What are the two ways

Geiger counter and badge dosimeter

How does the geiger counter work

a radiation ionising gas inside the tube causes a pulse of current when meeting a radiation, this current is displayed on the counter with a audible click

How does a badge dosimeter work

it contains a special radiation sensitive film that changes colours when the wearer is exposed to too much radiation

Backround and Non-Backround radiation

Backround and Non-Backround radiation

What is Backround radiation

an ionising radiation which is always present in the enviorment

what is non-Backround radiation

intentionally produced for specif applications (x-ray)

What are backround radiation sources

what is radon

a gas produced underground from uranium decay that commonly collects in basements. radon is always unstable

Half life

Half life

After what atomic number is anything inherently unstable

82

As soon as nucleii are unstable they start…

decaying

what is half life

the length of time it takes for half the nucleii to decay or the count rate to halve

Applications and safety

Applications and safety

what are 6 applications of radioactive decay

• Medical Diagnostics: Tracers image internal organs.

• Cancer Therapy: Radiation destroys tumor cells.

• Radiometric Dating: Establishes archaeological age.

• Industrial Inspection: Controls material thickness.

• Food Irradiation: Kills harmful bacteria.

• Smoke Detectors: Triggers household alarms.

what is it called something is in physical contact with radiation

contamination

What are 4 ways to keep safe from contamination

minimize amount of exposure / minimize handling time / store in lead containers

Space

Space

The solar system

The solar system

What does the solar system contain

8 planets orbiting the sun, some dwarf planets along with many asteroids, comets and moons

Label and draw our solar system

What percent of the solar system's mass is the sun

99%

Why was pluto demoted to dwarf planet

improved observation showed many similarly shaped objects

What are smaller objects, such as moons, that orbit planets called

Natural satellites

Which planet has the most moons and how many

Jupiter has 80

All orbiting in the solar system is what shape

cliptical but very close to circular

Comets are part of the solar system but are…

highly eliptical

what does the universe contain

galaxies, star clusters, exoplanets and more

Stars of the universe

Stars of the universe

Stars are the… of the universe

life force of the universe

What do starts do with matter of low mass (e.g. hydrogen)

fuse it into helium and emit light and heat

Stars are balls of ____ that emit energy in the form of ____ waves

gas, electromagnetic

How does our star, the sun, emit energy

invisible, ultraviolet and infrared waves which are all electromagnetic waves

What measurement is used in space

Light years - the time it takes light to travel that distance

what is the speed of light in a vaccum

3x10^8 m/s or 300,000,000 m/s

1 light year is the distance travelled by light in ___ year

1 year

A light year is a measure of ____ not ____

distance, time

Calculate how many meters a light year is

31,536,000 seconds x 3x10^8 m = 9.46x10x15 m ≈ 9.5x10^15 m

the larger the star, the ____ the lifespan

shorter

Lifecycle of a star

Lifecycle of a star

Lifecycle of a star

54) Elements up to _____ can be formed in red giants. Elements after are only formed once there is a _____

iron , supernova explosion

55) nebula remaining from supernova can lead to …

formation of mew protostars

56) A neutron star is made up purley of

neutrons

57) What is the densest thing in the universe

a neutron star

58) What is cosmology

Study of the universe at it's largest scale -how big is it and where did it come from?

59) What are the 3 astronomical observations

• galaxies moving away from the milky way \n - galaxies moving away from each other \n - the further the galaxies the faster they move

60) What theory do these points indicate

The big bang theory

61) What is the big bang theory of cosmic evolution

All matter in the universe today existed during the big bang . At the time the universe was a single extremely hot point that gradually cools at as it expands

62) Estimated age of the universe

13.8 billion years

63) Estimated age of our solar system

4.6 billion years

64) Give a diagram showing the stages of the universe

Orbits are assumed to be circular - what is the formula for it

orbital distance/Orbital period = orbital speed

Motion, Forces and energy

Motion, Forces and energy

Name the name and value for each unit prefix

n nano - 10^-9

μ micro - 10^-6

m milli - 10^-3

c centi - 10^-2

d deci - 10^-1

K kilo - 10^3

M mega - 10^6

G giga - 10^9

What is the curve of a liquid in a cylinder called

meniscus

where do you measure it

from the lowest point

Which liquid has a meniscus

mercury

where is the meniscus measured from

the top

Scalars and Vectors

Scalars and Vectors

What are scalars and vectors

Scalars - quantities with magnitude but no direction \n Vectors - quantities with magnitude and direction

Classify these into Scalars and Vectors 1) Distance 2) displacement 3) Speed 4) Velocity 5) Time 6) Acceleration 7) Mass 8) Energy 9) Temp 10) Force 11) G-field strength

1) S 2) V 3) S 4) V 5) S 6) V 7) S 8) S 9) S 10) V 11) V

How are these scalar/vector pairs related Distance -> Displacement Speed -> Velocity Mass -> Weight

Distance -> Displacement \n Speed -> Velocity \n Mass -> Weigh

What is the oscillation period of a pendulum

How long it takes the pendulum to go the distance shown by the arrows (enter image here)

Why should you time 10-20 oscillations instead of just one

Because the time for one is very short (1-2s) and human response time is roughly 0.2s, averaging reduces error

How many cm^2 in 1m^2

cm -> m = 100

cm^2 -> m^2 = 100^2

100^2 = 10,000cm^2

How many cm^3 in 1m^3

cm -> m = 100

cm^3 -> m^3 = 100^3

100^3 = 1,000,000cm^3

How many m^2 in 1cm^2

m -> cm = 1/100

m^2 -> cm^2 = 1/100 * 1/100

1/100 * 1/100 = 1/10,000

1/10,000 = 1x10^-4

What is the volume of this cuboid in m^3 if its measurements are 4×2×8

4x2x8 = 64cm^3

64 x 10^-6 m^3 = 6.4 x 10^-5

Give each value 01:03:67

1 minute 3 seconds and 670 ms

Motion

Motion

what is the definition of speed

distance travelled per unit time

What is the formula

speed=distance/time

What is the formula for average speed

total distance travelled / total time taken = average speed

What is velocity give example

Speed in a particular direction \n 10m/s = speed 10m/s north = velocity

What is the formula of acceleration

A = Δv / Δt

Δ=change
change in velocity / change in time

What are the units for acceleration

m/s^2 or Kmph^2 or mm/s^2 etc.