exam 2 HS 301 ncsu with 100% accurate solutions + rationales

A "Spin-Out" container is treated with what element?

copper

Best day-time air temperature range for stem cuttings during rooting:

70-80F

Best night-time air temperature for stem cuttings during rooting

60-75F

Best media temperature for stem cuttings during rooting

70-80F

Type of woody stem cutting that can root at lower than usual air temperatures

hardwood

Briefly explain an alternative to simple crown division for the propagation of an ornamental grass such as Arundo donax (giant reed grass). Provide the name of the technique and a sentence or two about the preparation of and the characteristics of the propagule used. (Micropropagation is not an alternative)

use culm cuttings, cut culm into pieces containing one or two nodes then place into damp media and roots and shoots will develop from the nodes

Almost all seedling (derived from seed) ginkgo trees show a strong, upright growth habit with a distinct central leader. Many stem-cutting-propagated ginkgos lack a dominant central leader, even as they age. What is the term that describes this phenomenon? Can you name one other genus besides Ginkgo that demonstrates this phenomenon?

Topophysis: the cuttings continue to grow as if they weren't even cut.

-Frasier Fur

From a specific physiological perspective, why should one avoid taking cuttings from a stock plant that has undergone recent water stress?

ABA is a result of drought-stress and inhibits root formation.

We discussed a rooting experiment on the evergreen conifer Cupressus 'Donard Gold'. Do you recall the significance of the results?

NAA and IBA were more successful than IBA alone, exception to the rule of conifers in that it roots better in the summer

If you were making up your own stock solution of an auxin for plant propagation

purposes, would you use IAA or IBA, and why? Provide 2 reasons

IBA:

-It lasts longer in storage

-it is more effective

-it does not break down from sunlight exposure or microbial degradation

Using a root cutting as an example, define the terms 'distal' and 'proximal'. On a root cutting, on which end do adventitious shoots arise? and adventitious plantlets Use the correct

terminology

-proximal is the end closest end to plant

-distal is the end furthest from the crown

-advent. shoots comes out of distal

advent. plantlets come out of proximal

Below are the general steps in adventitious root development. Number them in order from start (1) to finish (5)

-Differentiation of root initials into root primordia

-Presence of parenchyma cells

-Dedifferentiation of parenchyma cells

-Emergence and development of new roots

-Initiation of groups of root initials

__4___ Differentiation of root initials into root primordia

__1___ Presence of parenchyma cells

__2___ Dedifferentiation of parenchyma cells

___5__ Emergence and development of new roots

__3___ Initiation of groups of root initials

A 1% solution of IBA =

10,000 ppm

Which form of IBA is water soluble?

K-salt

On a hardwood cutting, a small piece of two-year-old wood retained at the base of a cutting is called the

heel cutting

Can you name 4 plant hormones, besides auxin and cytokinin

GA

ABA

Ethylene

JA

Polarity in plant organs is thought to be controlled by gradients of

calcium and auxin

Auxin is formed primarily in what location in the plant?

-young developing leaves

-internodes in elongating terminal buds

Tobacco callus exposed to a high level of cytokinin and a low level of auxin in

tissue culture would likely produce

shoots

Name one plant we used for leaf and petiole cuttings in lab

african violet

The two terms used to describe propagule orientation on a stock plant are

vertical: orthotropic

horizontal: plagiotropic

Generally, is it easier to generate an adventitous shoot or adventitous root on a leaf cutting of dicot species?

root

The plant that we stuck as an "upside-down" stem cutting in lab

umbrella sedge

Intermittent mist is effective in creating a favorable environment for rooting in

cuttings because it reduces both

dryness and transpiration

If the micronutrient ________________ (list element here) is deficient in plant

tissue, plants may not make sufficient quantities of this aromatic amino acid that is the precursor for IAA _______________________

-zinc

-tryptophan

One of two terms we discussed that refers to the practice of growing plants or plant parts in the absence of light is

etiolation

blanching

this can also increase the amount of auxin in the plant so the cutting will root easier

What is the common name of the nematode that spends part of its life cycle

above ground and invades the foliage of susceptible plants?

foliar

Name 3 specific key factors and practices to maximize success when propagating a plant via root cuttings? Assume proper orientation of propagule in propagation media

-proper width

-at least 2 inches long

-moist but not wet media

You wish to import a plant from a foreign country. To do this, you would obtain a

permit from what national agency (provide both the abbreviation and full name).

APHIS Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services

In micropropagation (tissue culture), unrooted mini-plantlets are often rooted by being placed on a high auxin containing media for a brief "pulse" treatment for 4-7 days, then removed and transferred to an auxin-free media. Can you speculate on the rationale for this two-step process to promote formation of adventitious roots, as compared to a simple one-step process of placement on auxin containing media for an extended period of time. (please be thorough, and use appropriate terminology).

Auxin is critical in initial root development but can inhibit root growth. Pulse treatment gets the benefits of auxin without the negative effects of root growth.

Fraser Fir was discussed at some length in class as demonstrating three important principles and concepts relative to factors influencing successful propagation by stem cuttings. List two of the three concepts we discussed, and briefly elaborate on each briefly using one or two sentences.

-timing and propagation window for rooting: some plants have a short time window in which they can be propagated by stem cutting

-topophysis: if you take a cutting from a non terminal section of the plant such as a branch then it will continue growing in the original direction it was

Almost all seedling (derived from seed) ginkgo trees show a strong, upright

growth habit with a distinct central leader. Many stem-cutting-propagated ginkgos lack a dominant central leader, and instead show a broad, spreading crown, even as they age. What is the term that describes this phenomenon?

topophysis

From a specific physiological perspective, why should one avoid taking cuttings from a stock plant that has undergone recent water stress

plants are much higher in ABA after going through a period of water stress and ABA inhibits adventitious root formation

Briefly discuss what is meant by the "propagation window" for a particular species, and provide an example of a species with a "narrow window" we discussed in class to demonstrate this concept

the time of year in which a plant has the highest rooting success. Deciduous rhododendron have a very short window

What is typically considered "room temperature" in both degrees F and C

70F and 21C

Name a plant we used for each the following types of cuttings in lab

-root cutting

bears breeches

Name a plant we used for each the following types of cuttings in lab

-carnivorous plant leaf cutting

sundew

Name a plant we used for each the following types of cuttings in lab

-culm cutting

black bamboo

Name a plant we used for each the following types of cuttings in lab

-herbaceous leaf cutting

humming bird

Name a plant we used for each the following types of cuttings in lab

-aerial plantlet

big mamma

Name a plant we used for each the following types of cuttings in lab

-entire leaf cutting

rex begonia

Name a plant we used for each the following types of cuttings in lab

-upside down stem cutting

cyperus

Woody plant we used for auxin and wounding experiment in in Lab 3

experiment

gardenia

What propagation technique is depicted in the image below.

_________________. What plant is shown in this image____________. Would

this be used for rootstock or scion propagation? ________________.

1) stooling (mount layering)

2)apple

3) rootstock

A 7,000 ppm solution of K-IBA would be prepared by adding how many

milligrams of K-IBA to a liter of water?

7,000

NAA is sometimes preferred for inducing adventitous root formation on what plant group?

conifers

The presence of a systemic pathogen can often be confirmed using a technique called PCR. What does PCR stand for?

polymerase chain reaction

Attaching this element to the parent IBA molecule enhances solubility in water

potassium

form of Aspirin is a plant hormone. True or false?

true

The 45-year-old compact Loblolly pines found in a grove at the JC Raulston Arboretum were derived from a

witches broom

The vascular cambium in a woody plant is sandwiched between what 2 tissues?

(be thorough and specific here with your terminology ______________________ and _______________________.

-2nd phloem

-2nd xylem

What 2 tissues are found in a herbaceous plant vascular bundle (specific

terminology please) _____________ and ________

-primary phloem

-primary xylem

If the micronutrient ______________ (list element here) is deficient in plant

tissue, plants may not make sufficient quantities of this aromatic amino acid that is the precursor for IAA ___________________

-zinc

-tryptophan

Free branching and reduced vigor in poinsettia can be attained by infection with what systemic pathogen

phytoplasma

dedifferentiation

capacity of previously developed cells to initiate cell division and form new meristematic growing points

plants with preformed root initials

-tomato

-ivy

-sweet potato

-corn

-hydrangea

where do adventitious roots in woodys arise from

-callus

-cambium

-vascular rays

adventitious roots

parenchema cells

adventitious roots in herbacious

between vascular bundle

what plants are commonly propagated by leaf bud cutting

-black berry

-black raspberry

-lemon

auxins are involved in...

-stem elongation

-apical dominance

-root initiation

-cambial activation

auxins are required for

-required for adventitious root formations

1 ppm =

1mg/l

problems with high manganese levels

inhibits root formation

topophysis genera

-Abies

-Pinus

-Ilex

-Ginkgo

advantage of topophysis

you can create ground covers

define cool stratification

exposing to cold moist conditions for a certain length of time

temperature rang for cool stratification

4C or 40F

herbaceous

non-woody plant

soft wood

cutting taken in late spring through summer

semihardwood

contains a terminal/resting bud

cuttings taken from summer to fall

hardwood

late fall to winter

stock plant

you don't want to apply nitrogen to stock plant before taking cutting abc it will produce a lot of shoots