Human Reproductive System

Reproduction

Ensures species continuity but is not required for individual survival.

Haploid gametes

Cells that contain a single set of chromosomes (n), including sperm and ovum.

Diploid zygote

A fertilized egg that contains two sets of chromosomes (2n) after fertilization.

Testes

Primary male reproductive organs that produce sperm and testosterone.

Spermatogenesis

The process of sperm production occurring in the seminiferous tubules.

Thermoregulation

The process by which the scrotum regulates temperature for optimal sperm production.

Epididymis

Site of sperm maturation and storage located behind the testes.

Vas deferens

The duct that transports sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct.

Seminal vesicles

Glands that contribute about 60% of semen, providing fructose and prostaglandins.

Prostate gland

Gland that produces alkaline fluid to neutralize the acidity of sperm in the urethra.

Ovaries

Female gonads that produce ova and secrete hormones like estrogen and progesterone.

Fallopian tubes

The site of fertilization where cilia help move the ovum to the uterus.

Endometrium

The inner layer of the uterus where implantation occurs.

Menstrual cycle

An approximate 28-day cycle involving phases like menstrual, preovulatory, ovulation, and postovulatory.

GnRH

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone produced by the hypothalamus that stimulates the pituitary gland.

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A hormone that stimulates testosterone production in males and ovulation in females.

Corpus luteum

A temporary endocrine structure in the ovaries that produces hormones like progesterone after ovulation.

Fertilization process

Involves the union of sperm and ovum to form a zygote in the fallopian tube.

Neurulation

The process involving the formation of the neural tube which will develop into the brain and spinal cord.

Placenta

An organ that facilitates nutrient and gas exchange between mother and fetus while secreting hormones.

Progesterone function

Hormone that maintains the uterine lining during pregnancy.

Parturition

The process of giving birth, involving uterine contractions and regulated by positive feedback.

Pheromones

Chemical signals released by mammals that can affect the behavior of others.

Marsupials

A type of mammal that gives birth to relatively undeveloped young that typically complete development in a pouch.

Monotremes

Egg-laying mammals, such as the platypus.

Negative feedback

A regulatory mechanism whereby an increase in testosterone inhibits the release of GnRH in males.