Anatomy and Physiology of the Special Senses

Flashcards covering the anatomy and physiological processes of special senses including olfaction, vision, hearing, and balance as described in the lecture transcript.

Special Senses Organs

The organs that receive sensory inputs, including the tongue, nose, eye, and ear.

Flavor

A combination of taste, which is a function of the taste buds, and smell.

All factory nerve

The $first$ cranial nerve through which sensory inputs for the sense of smell are processed in the anterior part of the brain.

Cripariform plate

A part of the ethmoid bone through which the all factory nerves extend into the mucosal layer of the nasal cavity.

Nasal conte

Curved, conch shell-shaped structures ($superior, middle, and infidio$) that increase air residence time for filtering, warming, and stimulating receptors.

Nasal septum

A structure separated into left and right, formed by the perpendicular plate of the ethnic bond and the vomer.

Hard palate

The floor of the nasal cavity, which is formed by the Harvard University, maxilla, and palating bond.

Patternes of sinuses

Air pockets within bones that involve ethnic synapses, frontal sinuses, sphenoid sinuses, and maxillary sinuses.

Extrinsic eye muscles

The $6$ soma derided skeletal muscles that provide voluntary control over eyeball movement, including $4$ erectus muscles and $2$ oblique muscles.

Strabismus

A condition known as the 'crazy eye,' which occurs when the extrinsic eye muscles are not functioning properly.

Tropioner

The cranial nerve that innervates the superior oblique muscle.

Appducence

The cranial nerve that innervates the lateral rectus muscle.

Oculomoto

The cranial nerve providing somato motor innovation to the superior, inferior, and medial rectuses and the inferior oblique, as well as viscero motor innovation to internal muscles.

Fibrous unit

The outermost layer of the eyeball consisting of the cornea and the splitter.

Iris

The most anterior part of the vascular tunic that provides eye pigmentation and has a unique pattern used for biometric identification; it contains a middle opening called the people.

Lens

A clear, vascularless structure made mainly of proteins that acts as the fine focusing structure and is shaped as a bi convex structure.

Cataract

A condition where the clear lens becomes opaque because the proteins inside denature with age or wear and tear.

AcoSumer

A fluid in the anterior part of the eye ($between the cornea and the lens$) that is constantly produced and drained to provide nutrition and gas exchange.

Glaucoma

A condition created when AcoSumer is not drained properly, leading to increased pressure in the eye.

Witch's humor

A more gelatinous substance in the posterior part of the eye that maintains the ball shape of the eye and helps keep the retina in place.

Betrayal Detachment

Also known as retinal detachment, this condition can lead to blindness and is linked to head retreat.

Optic disc

The midpoint in the retina where all neurons converge, also known as the blind spot because it contains no photo results.

Fovea centralis

The center point of the retina containing the maximum density of photo receptors, providing maximum vision clarity.

Presbyopia

A condition occurring with age where the lens becomes rigid and the substantial ligaments and muscles weaken, making it difficult to focus on objects up close.

Tympanic membrane

The eardrum, a delicate membrane that marks the beginning of the middle ear and converts sound pressure waves into mechanical vibrations.

Auditory tube

Also known as the eustachian tube, it connects the middle ear cavity to the nasal pharis to equalize pressure.

Ear ossicles

The smallest bones in the body, which include the malleus ($hammer$), infus ($anvil$), and stapes ($step$).

Tenor tybani

An arch $1$ divide-derived muscle inserted onto the malleus that reduces vibrations from loud noises; it receives innervation from the Mataglan.

Pilius

Also called the stipelius, it is the smallest muscle in the body at $1$ to $2$ centimeters and is an arch $2$ derived muscle that receives innervation from the facial knot.

Oval window

An opening into the inner ear that is closed by the flat foot part of the stapes.

Cochlea

A coiled structure in the inner ear responsible for the special sense of hearing.

Semicircular canals

Structures in the inner ear responsible for the special sense of balance.

Bony labyrinth

The space within the petros part of the temporal bone that contains the inner ear structures.

Perilymph

The fluid located between the membranous labyrinth and the bony labyrinth.

Endolymph

The fluid located inside the membranous labyrinth tubular organs.

Internal acoustic mediators

The exit point for the vestibulocochlear nerve ($CN VIII$) located in the temporal bone.