Geography 202 Introduction to Canada

Vocabulary practice cards covering Canadian geography, history, industrial revolutions, and provincial details for Ontario.

Region

An area of the world with similar characteristics and different from its surroundings, defined by humans to better study people and places into conveniently sized pieces.

Faultline (Geological)

A geological phenomenon of cracks in the Earth’s surface crust caused by tectonic forces.

Faultline (Metaphorical)

A geological metaphor applied to economic, social, and political cracks that divide regions and threaten to destabilize a country.

WHat is the name of the “land bridge” that connected Asia to North America during th last ice age?

Beringia

VIkings reached Canada in approximately 1,000 CE and established a settlement in North America

True

Who was the first European explorer to reach Canada’s east coast?

John Cabot

During the last ice age, sea levels were at least 100 meters lower than present day levels

The Minister of the Interior who accepted the challenge to settle the West.

Clifford Sifton

The area transferred from Great Britain to Canada in $1880$.

Arctic Archipelago

Who was the first European settlement in Canada?

Quebec City

The $1975$ treaty between Ottawa and Indigenous groups that marked the beginning of modern treaties.

James Bay and Northern Québec Agreement

The physiographic region associated with the Precambrian super eon.

Canadian Shield

The physiographic regions associated with the Paleozoic eon.

Appalachian Uplands and Artic Uplands

The physiographic region associated with the Mesozoic era.

Interior Plains

The physiographic region associated with the Cenozoic era.

Cordillera

The physiographic region associated with the Quaternary period.

The Great Lakes - St Lawrence Lowlands

The physiographic region associated with the Pleistocene epoch.

Hudson Bay Lowlands

The Canadian region with the highest population density.

Ontario

The year during the baby boom when Canada's crude birth rate peaked.

1961

Current Population (2026)

40,000,000

To be classified as a census metropolitan area (CMA), what population must an urban area have?

100,000

Agrarian Revolution

human power

animal power

agriculture society

farming

beginning of village and urban life

1st Industrial Revolution

rail systems

steam power

steam engine

industrial society

water power

2nd Industrial Revolution

Division of labour

mass production

mass industry

coal power

3rd Industrial Revolution

increase of global energy consumption

computers

automation

coal-generated plants

4th Industrial Revolution

robots

green power

adjustments and restrictions due to pandemic

energy generation varies in more and less developed countries

What are two major environmental challenges face by ontario?

water pollution

air pollution

The most significant landform in terms of relief in Southern Ontario.

Niagara Escarpment

The climate zone description for the Great Lakes - St Lawrence region.

Moderate Continental

The economic potential of northern ontario’s ring of fire is linked to which industry?

Mining

The name of Toronto prior to $1834$.

York

The Ontario city known as "Steel City."

Hamilton

The Canal that connects Lake Erie to Lake Ontario

Welland Canal

What are the 6 geographical regions of canada?

Atlantic Canada

Quebec

Ontario

Western Canada

British Columbia

Territorial North

What are the four principle faultlines in Canada?

centralst vs decentralist approach (regional)

english speaking and french speaking canadians

indigenous and non indigenous majority

new comers and old timers (immigration)

Core Region

Manufacturing, Ontario and Quebec

Peripheries

rapidly growing region- expanding resource base (BC and Western Canada)

slow growing region- declining resource base (Atlantic Canada)

Resource frontier- many resources, few viable (Territorial North)

Nature of Landforms

Mountains

Plateau

Lowlands

Depression

Physiographic Region

Large area of the earth’s crust

extends over a large area with relief features

landform shaped by common set of geomorphic process

has a common geological structure history

What are the 7 geographical regions in Canada?

Canadian Shield

Cordillera

Interior Plains

Hudson Bay Lowlands

Arctic Uplands

Appalachian Uplands

Great Lakes - St Lawrence Lowlands

What are th 3 regions of the Canadian Shield?

Kazan region

James region

Laurentian region

What are the four climate factors?

solar energy (varies by latitude)

global circulation system (redistributes solar energy through wind and ocean currents)

marine and continental air masses (air masses from pacific across cordillera to interior)

continental effect (land masses heat up and cool more quickly than oceans

What are the four major drainage basins in Canada?

Atlantic basin

Hudson Bay basin

Arctic basin

Pacific basin

Corridor route (diffusion theory)

movement possible by an ice free route between Cordillera and Laurentide

Sea route (diffusion theory)

island hopping along west coast

3 key feature of Canada’s population

concentration of Canadians near US border

shift of the centre population gravity to west

“empty'“ northern lands