Classical Conditioning:

Psychic reflexes

Pavlov's term for the salivation of dogs before food was given, indicating an anticipation of the food.

Unconditional reflexes

Reflexes that are innate and present at birth, such as salivating when food is put in the mouth.

Conditional reflexes

Reflexes that are acquired through experience and depend on many conditions, making them impermanent.

Latency of response

The interval between the onset of the Conditioned Stimulus (CS) and the first appearance of saliva.

Test trials

Presenting the Conditioned Stimulus (CS) alone without the Unconditioned Stimulus (US) periodically to measure learning.

Intensity (of CR)

The amount of saliva secreted, which is an indicator of the strength of the conditioned response, increasing rapidly with repeated trials.

Pseudo-conditioning

The tendency for a neutral stimulus (NS) to elicit a conditioned response (CR) after an unconditioned stimulus (US) has elicited reflexes, even without direct pairing.

CS-US Contingency

Refers to the 'if-then' relationship between the CS and US, where the amount of learning depends on how reliably the CS predicts the US.

CS-US Contiguity

Refers to the closeness in time or space between two events, particularly the Conditioned Stimulus (CS) and the Unconditioned Stimulus (US).

Trace conditioning

A conditioning procedure where the Unconditioned Stimulus (US) is presented after a small break following the Conditioned Stimulus (CS).

Delay conditioning

A conditioning procedure where the Unconditioned Stimulus (US) is presented at the end of the Conditioned Stimulus (CS).

Compound stimulus

When two or more Conditioned Stimuli (CSs) are presented together.

Overshadowing

When the effect of one stimulus in a compound stimulus overshadows the effect of the other, almost completely.

Latent inhibition

The appearance of a stimulus without the Unconditioned Stimulus (US) interfering with its ability to become a Conditioned Stimulus (CS) later.

Blocking

When a previously established CS prevents a new stimulus (in a compound stimulus) from becoming a CS.

Sensory Preconditioning

A phenomenon where two neutral stimuli are repeatedly presented together without the US, and then one is paired with the US, resulting in both stimuli eliciting the CR.

Number of CS-US Pairings

The more pairings between the Conditioned Stimulus (CS) and the Unconditioned Stimulus (US), the stronger the conditioning, though the first few pairings show the most rapid increase in strength.

Inter-trial Intervention

Refers to the length of the break between conditioning trials; shorter intervals generally lead to faster learning.

Extinction of Conditional Response

The disappearance of a conditioned response (CR) when the conditioned stimulus (CS) is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus (US).

Spontaneous recovery

The reappearance of a conditioned response (CR) after it has undergone extinction.

Stimulus substitution theory

A theory suggesting that the Conditioned Stimulus (CS) comes to replace the Unconditioned Stimulus (US) in eliciting the response (UCR).

Preparatory response theory

A theory suggesting that the Conditioned Responses (CRs) prepare the body for the Unconditioned Stimulus (US).

Compensatory response theory

A theory suggesting that the body and brain learn to anticipate and counteract the effects of the Unconditioned Response (UCR) by producing an opposite response.