[UNIT 3] Volumetric Analysis - Neutralization (in Aqueous Solvent)

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Last updated 5:48 PM on 5/19/26
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61 Terms

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1. Neutralization (acid-base) in aqueous and non-aqueous solvents

2. Precipitation

3. Complexation

4. Oxidation - Reduction

Chemical reactions used in titrimetry include:

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Neutralization (In Aqueous Solvent)

These are chemical processes in which an acid (proton donor) reacts with a base (proton acceptor).

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water and salt

[NEUTRALIZATION]

The products of a neutralization reaction in aqueous solution are ______ and _______.

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● Acidimetry

● Alkalimetry

[NEUTRALIZATION]

Two types of neutralization titrations:

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Acidimetry

[NEUTRALIZATION]

This type of neutralization refers to the direct or residual titrimetric analysis of bases using an accurately measured volume of ACID.

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● Direct Titration

● Residual / Back Titration

● Nitrogen Determination by the Kjeldahl Method

[ACIDIMETRY]

Types of acidimetric analysis

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Base

[ACIDIMETRY]

Analyte used in Acidimetric Analysis

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Acid

[ACIDIMETRY]

Titrant used in Acidimetric Analysis

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● Assay of Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃)

● Assay of Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)

[ACIDIMETRY - DIRECT TITRATION METHODS]

Examples of assays under acidimetry (direct titration)

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Sodium bicarbonate

[ACIDIMETRY - DIRECT TITRATION METHODS]

Sample used in the Assay of Sodium bicarbonate

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1 N H₂SO₄

[ACIDIMETRY - DIRECT TITRATION METHODS]

Titrant used in the Assay of Sodium bicarbonate

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Methyl orange

[ACIDIMETRY - DIRECT TITRATION METHODS]

Indicator used in the Assay of Sodium bicarbonate

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Pink

[ACIDIMETRY - DIRECT TITRATION METHODS]

Endpoint in the Assay of Sodium bicarbonate

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NaOH

[ACIDIMETRY - DIRECT TITRATION METHODS]

Sample used in the Assay of Sodium bicarbonate

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1 N H₂SO₄

[ACIDIMETRY - DIRECT TITRATION METHODS]

Titrant used in the Assay of Sodium bicarbonate

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Phenolphthalein

[ACIDIMETRY - DIRECT TITRATION METHODS]

Indicator used in the Assay of Sodium bicarbonate

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Pink

[ACIDIMETRY - DIRECT TITRATION METHODS]

Endpoint in the Assay of Sodium bicarbonate

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● Assay of Zinc oxide (ZnO)

● Assay of Milk of Magnesia (Magnesium hydroxide)

[ACIDIMETRY - RESIDUAL/BACK TITRATION METHODS]

Examples of assays under acidimetry (residual/back titration)

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Zinc Oxide

[ACIDIMETRY - RESIDUAL/BACK TITRATION METHODS]

Sample used in the assay of Zinc oxide

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● 1 N H₂SO₄

● 1 N NaOH

[ACIDIMETRY - RESIDUAL/BACK TITRATION METHODS]

Titrant used in the assay of Zinc oxide

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Methyl orange

[ACIDIMETRY - RESIDUAL/BACK TITRATION METHODS]

Indicator used in the assay of Zinc oxide

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Yellow

[ACIDIMETRY - RESIDUAL/BACK TITRATION METHODS]

Endpoint in the assay of Zinc oxide

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Milk of Magnesia

[ACIDIMETRY - RESIDUAL/BACK TITRATION METHODS]

Sample used in the assay of Milk of Magnesia

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● 1 N H₂SO₄

● 1 N NaOH

[ACIDIMETRY - RESIDUAL/BACK TITRATION METHODS]

Titrant used in the assay of Milk of Magnesia

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Methyl red

[ACIDIMETRY - RESIDUAL/BACK TITRATION METHODS]

Indicator used in the assay of Milk of Magnesia

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Yellow

[ACIDIMETRY - RESIDUAL/BACK TITRATION METHODS]

Endpoint in the assay of Milk of Magnesia

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● When the basic sample is insoluble in water.

● When the rate of its reaction with the standard acid is relatively slow.

● When the substance to be assayed does not give a distinct, sharp endpoint with an indicator by direct titration.

[ACIDIMETRY - RESIDUAL/BACK TITRATION METHODS]

Reasons on when to use Acidimetry - Residual/Back Titration

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Kjeldahl method

[NITROGEN DETERMINATION]

Nitrogen determination is also known as ________

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● Method I

● Method II

[NITROGEN DETERMINATION]

Methods under Nitrogen determination include:

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Method I

[NITROGEN DETERMINATION]

This is a MACRO method in which the ammonia is distilled into excess boric acid solution.

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Method II

[NITROGEN DETERMINATION]

This is a SEMIMICRO method in which SMALLER samples are employed using semimicro KJELDAHL APPARATUS.

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Kjeldahl method

[NITROGEN DETERMINATION]

Apparatus used in Method II

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Nitrogen content of Alcohol soluble substance in Beef Extract

[NITROGEN DETERMINATION]

Example of exercise/assay under Nitrogen Determination

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Beef extract

[NITROGEN DETERMINATION]

Sample used in the determination of nitrogen content of alcohol-soluble substance in beef extract

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1 N H₂SO₄

[NITROGEN DETERMINATION]

Titrant used in the determination of nitrogen content of alcohol-soluble substance in beef extract

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Methyl red - Methyl blue

[NITROGEN DETERMINATION]

Indicator used in the determination of nitrogen content of alcohol-soluble substance in beef extract

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Gray color

[NITROGEN DETERMINATION]

Endpoint in the determination of nitrogen content of alcohol-soluble substance in beef extract

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Alkalimetry

[NEUTRALIZATION]

The direct or residual titrimetric analysis of acids using an accurately measured volume of alkali.

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Acid

[ALKALIMETRY]

Analyte used in alkalimetry

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Base

[ALKALIMETRY]

Titrant used in alkalimetry

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● Methyl Red

● Phenolphthalein

[ALKALIMETRY]

Indicators used for INORGANIC acids

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Phenolphthalein

[ALKALIMETRY]

Indicators used for ORGANIC acids

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● Assay of Hydrochloric acid

● Assay of Boric acid

● Assay of Tartaric acid

[ALKALIMETRY - DIRECT TITRATION]

Examples of assays under alkalimetry (direct titration)

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Hydrochloric acid

[ALKALIMETRY - DIRECT TITRATION]

Sample used in the assay of hydrochloric acid

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1 N NaOH

[ALKALIMETRY - DIRECT TITRATION]

Titrant used in the assay of hydrochloric acid

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Methyl red

[ALKALIMETRY - DIRECT TITRATION]

Indicator used in the assay of hydrochloric acid

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Pink

[ALKALIMETRY - DIRECT TITRATION]

Endpoint in the assay of hydrochloric acid

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Boric acid (HBO3)

[ALKALIMETRY - DIRECT TITRATION]

Sample used in the assay of boric acid

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1 N NaOH

[ALKALIMETRY - DIRECT TITRATION]

Titrant used in the assay of boric acid

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Phenolphthalein

[ALKALIMETRY - DIRECT TITRATION]

Indicator used in the assay of boric acid

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Pink

[ALKALIMETRY - DIRECT TITRATION]

Endpoint in the assay of boric acid

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Tartaric acid (C4H6O6)

[ALKALIMETRY - DIRECT TITRATION]

Sample used in the assay of tartaric acid

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1 N NaOH

[ALKALIMETRY - DIRECT TITRATION]

Titrant used in the assay of tartaric acid

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Phenolphthalein

[ALKALIMETRY - DIRECT TITRATION]

Indicator used in the assay of tartaric acid

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Pink

[ALKALIMETRY - DIRECT TITRATION]

Endpoint in the assay of tartaric acid

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Assay of Aspirin

[ALKALIMETRY - RESIDUAL TITRATION]

Example of assay under alkalimetry (residual titration)

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Aspirin (C9H8O4)

[ALKALIMETRY - RESIDUAL TITRATION]

Sample used in the assay of aspirin

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● 1 N H₂SO₄

● 1 N NaOH

[ALKALIMETRY - RESIDUAL TITRATION]

Titrant used in the assay of aspirin

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Phenolphthalein

[ALKALIMETRY - RESIDUAL TITRATION]

Indicator used in the assay of aspirin

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colorless

[ALKALIMETRY - RESIDUAL TITRATION]

Endpoint in the assay of aspirin

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Acetic acid and Salicylic acid

[ALKALIMETRY - RESIDUAL TITRATION]

Aspirin hydrolysis products