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1. Neutralization (acid-base) in aqueous and non-aqueous solvents
2. Precipitation
3. Complexation
4. Oxidation - Reduction
Chemical reactions used in titrimetry include:
Neutralization (In Aqueous Solvent)
These are chemical processes in which an acid (proton donor) reacts with a base (proton acceptor).
water and salt
[NEUTRALIZATION]
The products of a neutralization reaction in aqueous solution are ______ and _______.
● Acidimetry
● Alkalimetry
[NEUTRALIZATION]
Two types of neutralization titrations:
Acidimetry
[NEUTRALIZATION]
This type of neutralization refers to the direct or residual titrimetric analysis of bases using an accurately measured volume of ACID.
● Direct Titration
● Residual / Back Titration
● Nitrogen Determination by the Kjeldahl Method
[ACIDIMETRY]
Types of acidimetric analysis
Base
[ACIDIMETRY]
Analyte used in Acidimetric Analysis
Acid
[ACIDIMETRY]
Titrant used in Acidimetric Analysis
● Assay of Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃)
● Assay of Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
[ACIDIMETRY - DIRECT TITRATION METHODS]
Examples of assays under acidimetry (direct titration)
Sodium bicarbonate
[ACIDIMETRY - DIRECT TITRATION METHODS]
Sample used in the Assay of Sodium bicarbonate
1 N H₂SO₄
[ACIDIMETRY - DIRECT TITRATION METHODS]
Titrant used in the Assay of Sodium bicarbonate
Methyl orange
[ACIDIMETRY - DIRECT TITRATION METHODS]
Indicator used in the Assay of Sodium bicarbonate
Pink
[ACIDIMETRY - DIRECT TITRATION METHODS]
Endpoint in the Assay of Sodium bicarbonate
NaOH
[ACIDIMETRY - DIRECT TITRATION METHODS]
Sample used in the Assay of Sodium bicarbonate
1 N H₂SO₄
[ACIDIMETRY - DIRECT TITRATION METHODS]
Titrant used in the Assay of Sodium bicarbonate
Phenolphthalein
[ACIDIMETRY - DIRECT TITRATION METHODS]
Indicator used in the Assay of Sodium bicarbonate
Pink
[ACIDIMETRY - DIRECT TITRATION METHODS]
Endpoint in the Assay of Sodium bicarbonate
● Assay of Zinc oxide (ZnO)
● Assay of Milk of Magnesia (Magnesium hydroxide)
[ACIDIMETRY - RESIDUAL/BACK TITRATION METHODS]
Examples of assays under acidimetry (residual/back titration)
Zinc Oxide
[ACIDIMETRY - RESIDUAL/BACK TITRATION METHODS]
Sample used in the assay of Zinc oxide
● 1 N H₂SO₄
● 1 N NaOH
[ACIDIMETRY - RESIDUAL/BACK TITRATION METHODS]
Titrant used in the assay of Zinc oxide
Methyl orange
[ACIDIMETRY - RESIDUAL/BACK TITRATION METHODS]
Indicator used in the assay of Zinc oxide
Yellow
[ACIDIMETRY - RESIDUAL/BACK TITRATION METHODS]
Endpoint in the assay of Zinc oxide
Milk of Magnesia
[ACIDIMETRY - RESIDUAL/BACK TITRATION METHODS]
Sample used in the assay of Milk of Magnesia
● 1 N H₂SO₄
● 1 N NaOH
[ACIDIMETRY - RESIDUAL/BACK TITRATION METHODS]
Titrant used in the assay of Milk of Magnesia
Methyl red
[ACIDIMETRY - RESIDUAL/BACK TITRATION METHODS]
Indicator used in the assay of Milk of Magnesia
Yellow
[ACIDIMETRY - RESIDUAL/BACK TITRATION METHODS]
Endpoint in the assay of Milk of Magnesia
● When the basic sample is insoluble in water.
● When the rate of its reaction with the standard acid is relatively slow.
● When the substance to be assayed does not give a distinct, sharp endpoint with an indicator by direct titration.
[ACIDIMETRY - RESIDUAL/BACK TITRATION METHODS]
Reasons on when to use Acidimetry - Residual/Back Titration
Kjeldahl method
[NITROGEN DETERMINATION]
Nitrogen determination is also known as ________
● Method I
● Method II
[NITROGEN DETERMINATION]
Methods under Nitrogen determination include:
Method I
[NITROGEN DETERMINATION]
This is a MACRO method in which the ammonia is distilled into excess boric acid solution.
Method II
[NITROGEN DETERMINATION]
This is a SEMIMICRO method in which SMALLER samples are employed using semimicro KJELDAHL APPARATUS.
Kjeldahl method
[NITROGEN DETERMINATION]
Apparatus used in Method II
Nitrogen content of Alcohol soluble substance in Beef Extract
[NITROGEN DETERMINATION]
Example of exercise/assay under Nitrogen Determination
Beef extract
[NITROGEN DETERMINATION]
Sample used in the determination of nitrogen content of alcohol-soluble substance in beef extract
1 N H₂SO₄
[NITROGEN DETERMINATION]
Titrant used in the determination of nitrogen content of alcohol-soluble substance in beef extract
Methyl red - Methyl blue
[NITROGEN DETERMINATION]
Indicator used in the determination of nitrogen content of alcohol-soluble substance in beef extract
Gray color
[NITROGEN DETERMINATION]
Endpoint in the determination of nitrogen content of alcohol-soluble substance in beef extract
Alkalimetry
[NEUTRALIZATION]
The direct or residual titrimetric analysis of acids using an accurately measured volume of alkali.
Acid
[ALKALIMETRY]
Analyte used in alkalimetry
Base
[ALKALIMETRY]
Titrant used in alkalimetry
● Methyl Red
● Phenolphthalein
[ALKALIMETRY]
Indicators used for INORGANIC acids
Phenolphthalein
[ALKALIMETRY]
Indicators used for ORGANIC acids
● Assay of Hydrochloric acid
● Assay of Boric acid
● Assay of Tartaric acid
[ALKALIMETRY - DIRECT TITRATION]
Examples of assays under alkalimetry (direct titration)
Hydrochloric acid
[ALKALIMETRY - DIRECT TITRATION]
Sample used in the assay of hydrochloric acid
1 N NaOH
[ALKALIMETRY - DIRECT TITRATION]
Titrant used in the assay of hydrochloric acid
Methyl red
[ALKALIMETRY - DIRECT TITRATION]
Indicator used in the assay of hydrochloric acid
Pink
[ALKALIMETRY - DIRECT TITRATION]
Endpoint in the assay of hydrochloric acid
Boric acid (HBO3)
[ALKALIMETRY - DIRECT TITRATION]
Sample used in the assay of boric acid
1 N NaOH
[ALKALIMETRY - DIRECT TITRATION]
Titrant used in the assay of boric acid
Phenolphthalein
[ALKALIMETRY - DIRECT TITRATION]
Indicator used in the assay of boric acid
Pink
[ALKALIMETRY - DIRECT TITRATION]
Endpoint in the assay of boric acid
Tartaric acid (C4H6O6)
[ALKALIMETRY - DIRECT TITRATION]
Sample used in the assay of tartaric acid
1 N NaOH
[ALKALIMETRY - DIRECT TITRATION]
Titrant used in the assay of tartaric acid
Phenolphthalein
[ALKALIMETRY - DIRECT TITRATION]
Indicator used in the assay of tartaric acid
Pink
[ALKALIMETRY - DIRECT TITRATION]
Endpoint in the assay of tartaric acid
Assay of Aspirin
[ALKALIMETRY - RESIDUAL TITRATION]
Example of assay under alkalimetry (residual titration)
Aspirin (C9H8O4)
[ALKALIMETRY - RESIDUAL TITRATION]
Sample used in the assay of aspirin
● 1 N H₂SO₄
● 1 N NaOH
[ALKALIMETRY - RESIDUAL TITRATION]
Titrant used in the assay of aspirin
Phenolphthalein
[ALKALIMETRY - RESIDUAL TITRATION]
Indicator used in the assay of aspirin
colorless
[ALKALIMETRY - RESIDUAL TITRATION]
Endpoint in the assay of aspirin
Acetic acid and Salicylic acid
[ALKALIMETRY - RESIDUAL TITRATION]
Aspirin hydrolysis products