World History - chapter 4

mare nostrum

the Mediterranean means “our sea”

Eutruscan

came to Italy in 800 B.C from Asia minor introduced Greek culture to the Romans

what were the Phoenicians and Greeks known for

see trade and colonization

Who first established independent colonies of the island of Sicily

The Greeks

“The League of seven hills” refers to what

Latin villages around the 8th century BC

when was Rome founded and by whom

753 B.C. and by Romulus and Remus

clan

a number of families from a common ancestor

tribe

a number of clans united by common beliefs and living in a particular region

patricians

A privileged class of wealthy land owners and noble families

plebians

common people farmers, traders, craftsman

what was the earliest form of government in Rome

monarchy

Imperium

the king's authority

fasces

a small bundle of rods which enclosed an axe, symbolize the king's power

senate

king's advisors on formal matters from a council of clan leaders. Important body of Republic three hundred members appointed for a life by consuls

early Rome consisted of two social classes

patricians, plebians

basic of early Roman society

family

Heart of the Roman Empire

Italy

what did mountains do to Greece

it divided the people and hindered their political unit

Where did the City of Rome begin

The banks of the Tiber River

what did the king serve as

chief, priest, commander in chief, justice

what happened in 509 b.c.

the Romans overthrew the etruscan king

consul

two elected government officials replaced the king they held the imperium They couldn't do something without the other they had a one year term they were in control of everyday affairs, supreme judges of the land

assembly of centuries

chief Assembly of the early Republic. Legislation, declarations of war, elected high ranking government officials. It could veto acts of them

Roman forum

a section of the city center of the government

law of the twelve tables

tables of law became foundation of Roman civil laws. Young boys in Republic memorized the whole code as schoolwork

Tribal assembly

plebian assembly

509 - 133 B.C.

Rome had consistent warfare

Pyrrhus

relative to Alexander the Great. Colonies appealed to him in their fear of the Roman conquest. Defeated the Romans twice and suffered many losses. He returned home Rome overtook all of southern Italy

pyrrhic victory

A victory whose costs outweigh any advantages

265 B.C.

Rome controlled all of the Italian peninsula

how did the Romans treat their conquered subjects

with Mercy and fairness, granted citizenship the right to vote and hold office

Who is the rival of Rome

Carthage in North Africa, (relative to the Phoenicians) they had good harbors, rich mining resources, the best navy, and the western Mediterranean in 264 and 140 BC Rome and Carthage fought in three wars known as the Punic Wars

punici

the Roman word for phoenician

the first Punic war

264-241 B.C. fought over control of the island sicily

241 B.C.

Carthage sued for peace

219 B.C.

Carthage attacked a Roman ally, a Spanish town in the Mediterranean coast. the city fell after a 8 month seige

Hannibal

when you first tactical skills and one the devotion of soldiers over this. He led his outnumbered army for fifteen years

Spring 216 B.C.

worst defeat in roman history. lost to Hannibal. a generation passed before Rome recovered

Scipio

young roman commander. member of a powerful family, the most famous roman of his time. Hannibal couldn’t stop him

202 B.C.

battle of Zama. Romans defeated Carthage army

Cato

he roused the Roman people to take action against their rival. Three year siege the Romans captured the city interned the surrounding land of Carthage into a new Roman province, Africa

citizen farmer

economic and military back-bone of the early republic

publicans

men in agreement with Rome to collect taxes in given provinces took more than what was owed

Tiberius &Gaius Gracchus

brothers from a noble family (father-consul, grandfather-Scipio) 133 B.C. Tiberius was elected as tribune. wanted “public lands” divided amongst the people. institute land reforms. Angry senators killed him after trying to be reelected as tribune and Three hundred of his men dumped their bodies into the Tiber River. 123 bc Gaius became Tribune

Marius

the new champion for a common folk well-known military hero. Fame from victories in North Africa and Europe

sulla

A general who commanded the Roman army in the east. Pathetic of the senatorial side.

Crassus & pompey

Two commanders who served in Solo's army competed with one another for fame and power after Sulla's death. Crassus was one of the richest men in Rome.

Julius Caesar

His nephew of Marius. Wise Politician. Go for his game. He wanted to be the sole leader of Rome.

Ides (15) of March 44 B.C.

a group of conspirators assassinated Caesar in the Senate chamber

31 B.C.

off the coast of Greece, Octavians Navy won victory over Anthony and Cleopatra at the battle of Actium

imperator

an ancient title given to the commander of a victorious army

Marius VS. Sulla

first Civil War the winner was Sola who declared himself dictator. Strengthened the Senate, weakened the Republic

Pompey VS. Julius Caesar

the winner was Caesar he declared himself dictator, reformed public but killed by conspirators

Antony vs Octavian

the winner was Octavian. Replaced the Republic With the empire and made himself emperor

plelebiscities

resolutions passed by the Council of Pelibians

what battle did Hannibal surround the roman army on all sides

the battle of cannae

palancks

disadvantage is it cannot be turned

“crossing the rubicon”

making a fateful decision where there is no coming back

Appian Road

the most famous road in Rome

Tribune

10 men protecting the rights of the common people

A Roman province included in modern day france

Gaul