Geography AQA - Living World!

What is development?

Positive change that makes things better. This usually means the QoL will improve in the nation.

What is the development gap?

The difference between the richest and poorest countries, in standard of living

HDI?

AKA Human development index.

Measures with a value between 0 - 1, with 1 being the highest.

It uses:

• GNI per head

• Literacy (education)

• Life expectancy.

GNI?

Gross national income.

Is the total value of goods and services produced by a country, plus any money paid to, or earned from other countries.

PROS OF MEASURES OF DEVELOPMENT

Allows comparison between countries, and better understanding of development in countries.

CONS OF MEASURES OF DEVELOPMENT

Does not measure quality of life.

Data may be outdated.

Does not take into account informal economies.

Shows an average, which hides extreme data.

Causes of uneven development: PHYSICAL

Landlocked countries are cut off from seaborne trade.

Pest-induced diseases, such as malaria, affect the workforce and their ability to earn income.

Extreme temperature and weather from climate change affect agriculture

Causes of uneven development: HISTORICAL

Colonised nations have to hand over their earnings/income to the colonising powers. This means economical status decreases.

Civil wars, and fighting for independence further slow development

Causes of uneven development: Economical

Some countries have DEBT.

The price of raw materials fluctuate A LOT.

High-income countries/large companies demand less money in exchange for raw materials, which come from LICs. This slows development as less money is earned for the same amount of materials.

Therefore, rich countries become richer and poor countries are unable to develop.

Disparities in wealth?

North America holds 35% of total global wealth.

Africa holds 1% (approximate)

Disparities in health?

In low-income countries:

• They cannot get vaccinated for diseases, such as malaria.

• SO: 90% global deaths, of malaria come from Africa (an LIC)

• Diseases of affluence, such as diabetes and heart conditions are more prominent in LICS because LICS don’t have the money to treat it.

In high-income countries:

• They CAN get vaccinated for malaria.

• Lung infections are the only main causes of death.

• There are less diseases of affluence.

How is INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION a consequence of uneven development?

Migration is driven by push -pull factors.

People migrate from poorer countries to richer countries due to better jobs and wage.

For instance, a push factor might be that there is a low Quality of life and low healthcare/salary, a pull factor might be higher quality of life and a better healthcare system.

• Countries with a high GNI are more attractive to migrants than countries with a low GNI.

Therefore, poorer countries lose skilled workers, such as teachers, doctors, engineers.

THIS IS CALLED A BRAIN DRAIN.

Poorer countries may struggle to improve healthcare, education, and businesses because of a lack of a talented workforce. This slows economic development.

In contrast, richer countries gain skilled workers - they contribute to the economy and pay taxes.

This increases the development gap! (richer countries get richer, and poorer countries get even poorer). = uneven development.

Example of migration?

Starting 2011, a civil war raged in Syria, causing 4 million people to flee the country seeking shelter in camps in Turkey and Jordan.

This damaged Syria’s economy.

Strategies that reduce the development gap? (list them please)

I F M D’s A T I I

Intermediate technology

Fair trade

Microfinance loans

Debt relief

Aid

Tourism

Investment

Industrial development

How does intermediate technology reduce the development gap?

• cheap + simple technology appropriate for LICs, ie small-scale projects.

• FOR EXAMPLE: a small dam was built in Adis Nifas (Ethiopia), creating a reservoir for irrigation

How does fair trade reduce the development gap?

• farmers/workers get fair prices for products

• improves income and living standards

• extra money can fund schools/healthcare/community projects

• reduces exploitation by large companies

How does microfinance loans reduce the dev. gap?

• Small-scale financial support.

• Available from banks that are set up to help the poor.

  • Help individuals and families set up businesses to improve economy locally!

  • GRAMEEN BANK IN BANGLEDESH - lended money to village women to buy a mobile phone

How does debt relief reduce the dev. gap?

• cancels/reduces debts owed by poorer countries

• governments can spend more on healthcare, education and infrastructure

• improves quality of life and economic development

HOWEVER, corrupt governments may keep the money for themselves.

How does aid reduce the development gap?

EG in Nigeria:

‘Nets for Life’ (an NGO) educates people on preventing malaria and distributes mosquito nets.

Aid reduces the development gap by:

Focusing on health care, education, and services which increases QoL.

Money = good!

How does tourism reduce the development gap?

Tourism = money from tourists = speeds development, aids economy, increases quality of life.

Creates jobs in hotels, transport, tours…

This means that the money earned can be spent on healthcare, infrastructure, and education!

How does industrial development reduce the development gap?

MULTIPLIER EFFECT!

• growth of factories/manufacturing creates employment

• exports increase national income

• country becomes less dependent on primary industry

• economic growth improves living standards

• Population becomes better educated and healthier, which provides more opportunities to invest in industries and business.

How does investment reduce the development gap?

Many countries, and TNCs, invest money and expertise in LICs (to increase their profits)

This also helps the poor country as there is now more employment and income! (however most of the income goes back to the HIC/TNC…….)

for example:

• China has invested in a power plant in zimbabwe.

How has tourism GENERALLY helped Jamaica?

Has helped employment, infrastructure, economy, and quality of life!

Impact of tourism on Economy in Jamaica

In 2014, tourism supplied 24% of Jamaica’s GDP.

2 billion US dollars annually, from tourism.

Impact (both +ves and -ves) of tourism on infrastructure in Jamaica

Wealthy, tourist-popular areas (the North Coast, eg Montego Bay, Ochos Rios) have lots of investment. (the govt has invested a lot)

However, some areas in Jamaica still remain isolated. Improvements to roads and airports are slower than other facilities.

Impact (both +ves and -ves) of tourism on employment in Jamaica

Tourism has allowed 200,000 more jobs!

This provides income, helping to boost economy

Where is Nigeria?

WEST Africa.

Global importance of Nigeria

Nigeria supplies 3% of the world’s oil.

In 2014, Nigeria was the 21st largest economy in the world. This is still growing.

Regional importance of Nigeria.

Biggest farming sector in Africa, as it has the largest farm output.

• This is because lots of people are employed, which increases income.

In 2014, Nigeria had the highest GDP in Africa!

Nigeria also has the largest population of any African country, which means there is a strong workforce.

The POLITICAL CONTEXT of Nigeria

Nigeria was ruled by the UK as a colony, and it became independent in 1960.

This political instability affected Nigeria’s development, leading to widespread corruption.

However, since 1999 Nigeria has had a stable government. More countries are now starting to invest in Nigeria, such as China and the USA.

The Cultural context of Nigeria

Nigerian music is very popular!

Nigerian cinema, also called Nollywood, is very famous - second largest film industry in the world, besides India.

The Social context of Nigeria

Nigeria is a multi-ethnic, multi-faith country.

• This has been a source of lots of conflict. FOR EXAMPLE: There was a civil war in 1967-1970.

Economic inequality between the Islamic North and the Christian South of Nigeria caused tensions, which in turn decreased the economy.

The Environmental context of Nigeria

The North of Nigeria is semi-desert.

The Mid-north of Nigeria is savanna, and is used for cotton, and cattle growing,

The South: High temperatures, high annual rainfall. Mainly forest, but also crops such as cocoa are found.

Nigeria’s relationships with the wider world?

Until 1960, Nigeria was one of the UK’s colonies.

• After independance, Nigeria has become a member of the British Commonwealth.

Other political links:

• UN

• ECOWAS

• OPEC

• African Union.

Nigeria’s primary exports/sources of income?

Cotton!

Crude oil - accounts for 95% of Nigeria’s export earnings.

Cocoa

Nigeria’s primary imports?

Telephones from China

Cars, from the USA and Brazil

Who is Nigeria’s main trading partner?

The EU

Does Nigeria have a balanced economy?

As of now, yes.

In 1999, 75% of Nigeria’s economic income was from primary sector earnings (agriculture, etc)

However in the early 200s, there was growth of tertiary and secondary sector, with a falling in the primary sector. Approximately an equal divide between primary, secondary, and tertiary.

What is Manufacturing? What % of manufacturing accounts for Nigeria’s GDP?

Making products from raw materials.

Accounts for 10% of Nigeria’s GDP

How is manufacturing good for Nigeria’s economy? (4 marks)

Regular paid work gives people a more secure income.

This generates a large home market for products manufactured in Nigeria, such as cars.

Manufacturing industries stimulate growth for other, related, companies such as companies which makes parts for cars.

This means more people are employed, increasing the revenue from taxes.

A thriving indstrial sector attracts foreign investment.

This growth is an example of the multiplier effect.

What is a TNC?

A trans national corporation. A large company that operates in several countries.

TNCs usually have their HQ in a country, with production plants in several others.

Advantages of TNCs

Companies provide employment and development of new skills.

Investment by companies in local infrastructure and education.

Other local companies benefict from increased orders.

Disadvantages of TNCs

Local workers are sometimes poorly paid.

The sanitation of working areas are very poor (working conditions are bad!)

Much of the profit goes abroad.

What does Shell Oil do for Nigeria?

Provide direct employment for over 65,000 workers.

91% of Shell contracts have been placed with Nigerian companies.

Disadvantages of Shell Oil for Nigeria

BODO OIL SPILLS (2008-2009)

Oil spills have caused water pollution, and soil degredation. This damages agriculture.

Oil theftt and sabotage cost TNCs and the government billions of dollars annually!

Types of aid?

Developmental: Long term, focusing on improving Quality of Life.

Emergency: Aid following a natural disaster or conflict.

POSITIVE impacts of aid in Nigeria?

Aid from the USA helps people protect against HIV and AIDS.

‘Nets for Life’ an NGO provides education on malaria prevention, and distributes anti-mosquito nets.

NEGATIVE impacts of aid in Nigeria?

By recieving aid, a country might become more dependent!

Corruption is a major factor in loss of aid.

How is commercial farming and deforestation bad for Nigeria’s environment?

Soil erosion from overcultivation and deforestation makes farming harder as soils become infertile - Nigeria loses income.

There is water pollution due to chemicals, soil erosion, and silting of river channels.

Many species such as cheetahs and giraffes, have disappeared because of deforestation.

How is industrial growth bad for Nigeria’s environment?

80% of Nigeria’s forests have been destryoed through factors such as agriculture and urban expansion.

In Kano and Lagos, industrial pollutants go directly into water channels.

• This is very harmful to people and ecosystems

How is mining and oil extraction bad for Nigeria’s environment?

Oil spills cause fires, sending carbon dioxide and other toxic gases into the atmosphere.

This contributes to acid rain.

MOST NOTABLY: the BODO OIL SPILLS OF 2008 and 2009!

11 million gallons of crude oil was spilt over a 20km² area in Bodo.

This was super bad for the ecosystem and agriculture, and devastated farmers and fishermen.

In 2015, Shell agreed to pay 55 million pounds compensation to individuals and the community.

Why does quality of life increase with a better economy?

A better economy leads to:

• Improvement to infrastructure

• Better sanitation and housing

• Better diet, which in turn contributes to higher productivity

• Better healthcare

• Increased employment

• Higher income to spend on schooling, economic development.

  • THIS INCREASES THE HDI

How has the economy of the UK changed?

1800s - most people worked in the PRIMARY SECTOR (farming, mining…) = 75% primary.

1900s - Industrial revolution. Increasing manufacturing/secondary sector.

Early 2000s - A big shift to the tertiary sector and a starting of the quaternary sector! (75% tertiary, 10% quaternary)

What are the causes of economic change! (list 3 things)

Deindustralisation, Government policies, and globalisation.

What is deindustrialisation?

The decline in traditional industries, such as manufacturing. This is because:

• Machines, technology, (and AI) have replaced many people.

• Other countries (eg China) can produce cheaper goods because labour is less expensive.

What is globalisation?

The growth and spread of ideas aroudn the world.

Many people now work on global brands in the quaternary sector, in IT, for example.

Increased world trade and cheaper imported products have contributed to the decline in UK manufacturing.

Government policies throughout the years.

In the mid-20th century:

The government created STATE-RUN INDUSTRIES, such as British rail.

In the late 20th century:

Privitisation occured (state-run industried sold to private shareholders)

Many older industries closed down.

New private companies brought innovation and change.

2010 onwards:

‘Rebalancing’ the economy, ie relying less on service industries.

For example:

• Improvements to transport (HS2)

• Encouraging global firms to locate in the UK

What is a post-industrial economy?

Is where manufacturing industry declines and is replaced by growth in the service and quaternary sectors. This started in the UK from the late 20th century. (1970s)

Post industrial economy: Development of IT

Internet access enables people to work from home.

Over 1.3 million people work in the IT sector! Also, the UK is one of the world’s leading digital economies.

Post industrial economy: Service industries and finance

In 2018, it contributed abt 80% of the UK’s GDP. (Service sector)

The financial services sector accounts for 10% of the UK’s GDP.

Post industrial economy: Research

Employs over 60,000 highly qualified people, and is estimated to contribute over 3 billion pounds to the UK economy.

FOR EXAMPLE:

• NHS

• BBC

• Charities

Example of research in post industrial economy: THE BRITISH ANTARTIC SURVEY!

Employs over 500 higher skilled people in Cambridge, Arctic, and the Antarctic.

Linked to the Cambridge University - helps us understand the impact of humans on the Earth’s natural systems.

What is a science park?

A group of scientific and technical knowledge-based businesses located on a single site.

Most are associated with universities, enabling them to use research facilities and employ skilled graduates.

May also include support services, such as financial ones, or marketing.

Example of a Science park?

University of Southhamton Science park.

Includes 100 small science and innovation businesses, including Fibrecore (optical fibre manufacturer) and Photonstar (lighting products)

BENEFITS OF THIS PARK:

• Very good transport! Close to:

  • the M3

  • Southhamton international airport

  • Railway

• Attractive location, with green areas.

What is a business park?

An area of land occupied by a cluster of businesses. Business parks are usually located on the edges of towns where:

• Land is cheap

• Access is better, low congestion

• Businesses can benefit from working together

Example of a business park?

Cobalt Business Park, Newcastle-upon-Tyne

The UK’s LARGEST business park.

Businesses:

• Santander

• Siemens

• IBM

Support facilities include a retail outlet and a fitness centre.

Close to the A1 and A3, and also close to the international airport.

Impacts of industry on the physical environment?

• Manufacturing plants can look dull, and affect the visual effect of the landscape.

• Industrial processes, and waste products, can cause air, water, and soil pollution.

• The transport of raw materials can cause air pollution!

How can industrial development be more sustainable?

• Care in design can reduce the visual impact (so basically if its pretty its better)

• Technology can be used to reduce harmful emissions

• Desulphurisation can remove toxic gases.

• Heavy fines are imposed when pollution incidents occur.

QUARRYING IN THE UK: Impacts? (hint their all kinda bad)

They:

• Destroy natural habitats

• Pollute water courses

• Scar landscapes.

How do you make quarrying more sustainable?

• There are strict controls on blastic, removal of dust from roads, and landscaping.

• Recycling is encouraged

• Companies are expected to restore or improve a quarry after it has been used.

Example of quarry that has been made sustainable?

TORR QUARRY, Somerset.

Employs over 100 people, contributes more than 15 million pounds towards local economy annually.

• The quarry is being restored to create wildlife lakes.

• 200 acres of the site have already been landscaped.

• There is regular monitoring of water quality and noise.

• Rock is transported via rail, so it minimises the impact on local roads and villages.

Example of area of population growth? (state the name)

South Cambridgeshire.

Example of area of population decline? (state the name)

Outer hebrides

Social and economic changes in area of population growth?

The population of approximately 150,000 is increasing! Due to migration into the area.

Most migrants come from Cambridge and other parts of the UK; many arrive from Eastern Europe.

Proportion of older people (people aged 65 or over) is increasing.

The SOCIAL EFFECTS:

• Young people, as housing becomes even more expensive: ‘I can’t afford this bro’ and move away.

• 80% car ownership due to growing population… MORE CONGESTION in narrow roads.

• Housing developments on the edges of villages can lead to a reduction in community spirit.

The ECONOMIC EFFECTS:

• A reduction in agricultural employment, as farmers sell land for housing!!!

• Lack of affordable housing.

• More cars? Petrol prices go UP!

• Increase population puts pressure on services…

An area of population decline: Social and economic changes?

Since the early 1900s, the population has declined by more than 50%!

With limited employment due to decreasing population, young people have moved away.

SOCIAL EFFECTS:

• Too little people in schools —> school closure?

• Increasingly ageing population has fewer young people to support them…

ECONOMIC EFFECTS:

• Services are closing due to lack of income (less and less people using the services)

• There has been an increase in tourism, but the current infrastructure cannot support the scale of tourism needed to provide an alternative source of income.

• Small farms, AKA crofts, can only provide work for 2/7 days a week.

Road improvements in the UK?

The ‘super highway’! in the South-West.

• A 2 billion pound project will take place on the A303.

• Will convert the road to a dual carriageway!

The 2014 ‘Road Investment Strategy’ includes:

• 100 new schemes by 2020

• Extra lanes added to turn main motorways into ‘smart motorways’

This will create thousands of construction jobs and boost local and regional economies as congestion lessens.

Railway improvements in the UK?

The new Elizabeth line! Connects Heathrow to central London and even to Reading - opened in 2022.

HS2 - A planned high-speed rail line to connect London with Manchester, Birmingham…

• Unfortunately it is controversial as the route passes through countryside, and close to many homes.

London Crossrail - links Reading and Heathrow, Shenfield and Abbey Wood (to the East)

• Reduce journey times.

• Will bring an additional 1.5 million people within 45 minutes’ commuting distance of London’s key business districts!

Port improvements in the UK?

Liverpool 2.

• Will double the ports capacity

• Create thousands of jobs in the north-west

• Boost the regional economy

• Reduce congestion and traffic on roads.

Airport improvements in the UK?

Planned a third runway at Heathrow.

18.6 billion…

FOR:

• Will generate an estimated £200 billion, 70,000 new jobs by 2050. This will greatly improve the UK's economy by generating the multiplier effect. 

• Flights will run to 40 new destinations and will improve the UK's tourism rates. 

• This new terminal is key for the UK retaining its position as a leading world city.  

 

AGAINST: 

• Costly - estimated to be around 18.6 billion pounds to construct 

• Some are unhappy as there are concerns about the impact on noise and air quality 

• One village will be demolished and two others are threatened as a result of its expansion.  

What is the north-south divide?

The cultural and economic divide between the south of the UK and the rest.

• North: Lower life expectancy, lower incomes.

• South: Higher life expectancy, higher incomes. HOWEVER: also more congestion, higher house prices.

Why is there a north-south divide in the UK?

During the Industrial Revolution, the UK’s growth was centred on coalfields, heavy industries… these were mostly centre in the NORTH of the UK - Scotland, northern england…

However, since the 1970s, a post-industrial economy began occuring. So, many industries declined, reducing prosperity in the north.

London and the South East developed rapidly due to a fast-growing service, finance, research, and IT sector.

How can regional strategies address the issue?

• Local enterprise partnerships (LEPs) - voluntary partnerships between local authorities and businesses.

  • Their aim is to identify business needs, and encourage companies to invest in order to boost economy and create jobs.

  • Example: the Lancanshire LEP. Will improve transport with 20mill pound investment, and promote new businesses. Also create 50,000 new jobs by 2023.

• Enterprise Zones.

  • Aim: encourage new businesses and jobs.

UK’s links with the wider world: TRADE

In 2018, the most important trading link was with the EU.

The USA was a important historic trading partner.

In 2018, there was also a recent increase in trade with China.

UK’s links with the wider world: TRANSPORT!

London Heathrow - 7th busiest in the world!

Important transport links between the UK and mainland Europe via the Channel Tunnel and sea ferries… also EUROSTAR (between France and UK - increases tourism.)

UK’s links with the wider world: ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION

99% of internet traffic passes along a network of submarine high-power cables.

A project known as Arctic Fibre is due to connect submarine cables between London and Tokyo.

UK’s links with the wider world: CULTURE!

Because the UK speaks the world’s most global langauge (English) this has brought lots of cultural links.

Music, books and films from the UK are accessed all over the world.

Migrants have brought their own culture to the UK, such as their food, and their festivals.

Television is one of the UK’s most successful media exports.

• For example: Dr Who, Sherlock…

The UK’s links with the EU

The UK left the EU in 2020. However, when it was still a member, the EU affected the UK in many ways:

• Offered financial support for farmers, and disadvantaged regions in the UK.

• EU laws and controls on crime, pollution, and rights.

The UK’s links with the Commonwealth

Sporting connections, trade and culture.

The Commonwealth Secretariat provides advice and support to member countries on a range of issues, including human rights, social and economic development