APUSH Unit 3 (1754-1800)

German Immigrants

Settled in rish farmlands and maintained their own customs but showed little interest in colonial government

Significance: Population Growth and Diversity

Scotch-Irish Immigrants

Little respect for the British that forced them out of Ireland, settled in western parts of PA, VA, CA, GA

Significance: Population Growth and Diversity

Huguenots

French Protestants

Four characteristics of Colonial Government

Self-governed, religious toleration, no hereditary aristocracy, social mobility

Social Mobility

The ability for settlers to work their way up the class hierarchy through hard work

Church of England

Followers were called Anglicans, headed by the King, weak because there were no British bishop to ordain ministers

Significance: Symbol of English control in the Colonies

the Great Awakening

1730-1740, a movement characterized by fervent expressions of religious feeling among masses of people

Significance: Introduced emotionalism in Protestantism, made ministers lose authority, Bibles began to be used at home, caused divisions between church and state as more Christian factions were created, created unity in Americans

Jonathan Edwards

Argued that God was rightfully angry with human sinfulness and humans could be forgiven if they showed deep penitence, or else suffer eternal damnation

Significance: Spread the Great Awakening in New England

George Whitefield

Preaching to large audiences, stressed that God was all-powerful and saved only those who openly believed in Jesus Christ, otherwise they’d go to hell

Significance: Showed that common people could understand gospel without ministers, spread the Great Awakening across all colonies

The Zenger Case

1735, John Zenger published an article criticizing NY’s governor. Under British law, it’d be illegal to injure a governor’s reputation regardless of whether the information was true or false, but he was acquitted.

Significance: Newspapers were encouraged to criticize the govt, defiance against Britain, free press

The Enlightenment

18th century, A European movement in literature and philosophy that believed that human reason can solve most problems

Significance: Discredited Religion, promoted liberal democracy

John Locke

17th century, wrote the Two Treatises of Government that argued for power to the people and that citizens had an obligation to revolt against governments who did not protect their rights.

Significance: Freedom of speech/protest, Democracy, the Enlightenment

The Seven Years’ War (French and Indian War)

1754-1763, a war to decide owner of land between Britain and France in the colonies, the British won.

Significance: British Naval and Colonial supremacy, British realized the colonial military was weak and unwilling, Colonial armies were proud of themselves in the war but not of British leadership, more British rule over colonies

The Albany Plan of Union

1754, Benjamin Franklin called for an intercolonial government and a system for acquiring troops and taxes from the colonies for their defense, was not accepted due to colonial greed

Significance: Precursor to better congresses later

Pontiac’s Rebellion

1763, Chief Pontiac attacked colonies near the west frontier to prevent encroachment

Significance: Native treatment

Proclamation of 1763

British government prohibited colonists from settling west of the Appalachians to prevent hostility with natives, but Americans disobeyed

Significance: Encroachment, British rule, westward expansion

Sugar Act

1764, duties on foreign sugar and luxuries

Significance: Reasons for American Revolution

Quartering Act

1765, required colonists to provide food and shelter for British troops

Significance: Reasons for American Revolution

Stamp Act

1765, revenue stamps required on most printer paper

Significance: First direct tax on colonists who weren’t merchants, raised colonial concern, Reasons for American Revolution, formed Sons/Daughters of liberty

Sons/Daughters of Liberty

against British tariffs, secret societies who intimidated tax agents by tarring and feathering and boycotts

Significance: Protest, boycotts

Declaratory Act

1766 after the Stamp act was repealed, stated that British Parliament had the right to tax and make laws for the colonies in all circumstances

Significance: More British colonial control

The Townshend Acts

1767, approved duties on imports of tea, glass, and paper and the search of private homes for smuggled goods, repealed in 1770 under new British prime minister

Significance: John Dickinson argued no taxation without representation

Boston Massacre

1770, colonists harassed guards in Boston, who fired into the crowd and killed five people

Significance: Reason for American Revolution, massacre coined by Samuel Adams

Tea Act

1773, to boost sales of the British East India Company, made their tea cheaper than smuggled Dutch tea to end boycotts

Significance: Reason for American Revolution

Boston Tea Party

1773, in retaliation to the Tea Act, Bostonians disguised as Indians dumped chests of tea into the harbor

Significance: Both applauded and thought of as radical, display of protest, caused the British to create the Intolerable acts

The Coercive Acts

1774, closed the port of Boston until the tea from the Boston Tea Party was repaid, reduced the power of the MA legislature but promoted the royal governor, allowed royal colonial officials to be tried in Britain, expanded the Quartering Acts

Quebec Act

1774, organized the Canadian land that Britain gained from France, established Roman Catholicism as its religion, did not have a representative assembly, extended the boundary to the Ohio river

Significance: Colonists viewed it as a direct attack on their land, religion, and representative assemblies

Deists

People who believed that God had established natural laws in the universe but had little divine intervention. Believed in rationalism and human reason to solve problems instead

Significance: Picked up by philosophers like Jean-Jacques Rousseau to educate Americans closer to the American Revolution

The First Continental Congress

1774, delegates from every colony (not GA) gathered to protest parliament’s infringement of their rights to restore their relationship with Britain without thoughts of independence yet

Significance: First Congress, attempt at reconciling with Britain

Radical faction of Congress Delegates

Those who demanded great concessions from Britain including Patrick Henry, Samuel Adams, and John Adams

Moderate faction of Congress Delegates

Those who demanded some concessions from Britain including George Washington and John Dickinson

Conservative faction of Congress Delegates

Those who favored a mild statement of protest including John Jay, Joseph Galloway

Loyal Colonists in Congress

Wanted to remain loyal to the British government but were not represented in Congress

The Actions of Congress

Called for the repeal of the Intolerable Acts, urged the king to address colonial grievances and restore their rights, recognized Parliament’s authority to regulate commerce, created the Continental Association

Significance: Denied by Britain, more British troops were sent to the colonies

Lexington and Concord

1775, known to be the first battles that started the call for a Revolutionary War, also where Paul Revere road to warn Lexington of the British

Significance: Further suggested independence, embarrassed British troops

The Second Continental Congress

1775, Divided into two groups, New England delegates who called for independence and Middle Colony delegates who hoped for negotiations with Britain

Olive Branch Petition

1775, in an attempt to maintain their relationship with Britain, pledged their loyalty to Britain and asked the King to stop parliament

Significance: Ignored by the King, King Passed Parliament’s Prohibitory Act in reaction

Parliament’s Prohibitory Act

1775, declared the colonies in rebellion against Britain, forbade trade and shipping between colonies and Britain

Thomas Paine’s Common Sense

1776, argued forcefully for the independence of the colonies, said it was illogical for their large continent to be ruled by a small distant island

Significance: Popularized the Revolution

The Declaration of Independence

Adopted on July 4th 1776, drafted by Thomas Jefferson, lists colonial grievances and justified the revolution

Significance: Officially cut ties with Britain

Battle of Saratoga

1777, Patriots won at Saratoga after cutting off the British from regrouping, commanded by Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnold

Significance: Convinced France to ally with America to weaken Britain

Battle of Yorktown

1781, Washington, with the help of French forces, defeated general Cornwallis

Significance: Last major battle of the Revolutionary War, discouraged loyalists, parliament members quit and were replaced by whigs who wanted to end war

Treaty of Paris

1783, called for Britain to recognize the U.S. as independent, made the MS river the western boundary of the U.S., called for the U.S. to repay British debts and repay Loyalists for property destruction