Anatomy exam 2

What are the 3 basic parts of a cell?

Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

What is the function of the plasma membrane

mechanical barrier, selective permeability, communication, cell signaling

What does hydrophilic mean

water loving

what does hydrophobic mean

water fearing

What is the phospholipid layer

two layers of phospholipids forming the cell membrane

what is an integral protein

protein embedded in the membrane

What are the functions of membrane proteins

transport, recognition, receptors, anchors, enzymes, junctions

what is passive transport

movement across a membrane without ATP

What is diffusion

movement from high concentration to low concentration

what is facilitated diffusion

movement from high to low concentration using protein channels/carriers

what is osmosis

diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane

in osmosis water moves from blank to blank

low solute concentration- high solute concentration

What is an isotonic solution

equal solute concentration inside and outside the cell

what happens to a cell in a isotonic solution

no net water movement

what is a hypertonic solution

higher solute concentration outside the cell

what happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution

cell shrinks

what is a hypotonic solution

lower solute concentration outside the cell

what happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution

cell swells and may burst

what is active transport

movement requiring atp

what is the sodium potassium pump

an atp powered transport pump

what is endocytosis

transport into the cell

what is exocytosis

transport out of the cell

what is the function of smooth ER

lipid synthesis, detoxification, calcium storage

what is the function of rough ER

protein synthesis and modification

why is rough ER called rough

it contains ribosomes

what is the function of the golgi apparatus

sorts, modifies, and packages proteins

what is the function of lysosomes

digest and recycle materials

what is the function of peroxisomes

detoxification

what is the function of ribosomes

protein synthesis

what is the function of mitochondria

ATP production

what are the 3 cytoskeleton components

microfilaments, intermidiate filaments, microtubules

what are centrioles

structures that assist in cell dicision

what are microvilli

extensions that increase surface area

what are cilia

hair like projections that move substances

what is the function of a flagella

cell movement

what is the nucleus

control center containing DNA

what is the nucleolus

produces ribosomes

what is chromatin

Uncoiled DNA w

what is a chromosmome

condonsed chromatin

how many chromosomes do humans have

46

what are the 3 stages of DNA replication?

initiation, elongation, termination

what enzyme unwinds DNA

Helicase

What enzyme builds new DNA strands

DNA polymerase

What is semiconservative replication

Each new DNA molecule contains one old strand and one new strand

What is protein synthesis?

Making protein from DNA instructions

What is transcription?

DNA - mRNA in the nucleus

What is translation

mRNA- protein at the ribosome

what base replaces thymine in RNA

Uracil (U)

What are the phases of interphase

G1, S, G2

What happens during G1?

cell growth

What happens during S phase?

DNA replication

What happens during G2

preparation for mitosis

What does PMAT stand for?

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

What happens during prophase

Chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope disappears

what happens during metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle

what happens during anaphase

sister chromatids separate

what happens during telophase

two nuclei form

what is cytokinesis

division of the cytoplasm

what are the 4 tissue types

Epitheal, connective, muscle, nervous

what are the functions of the epitheal tissue

protection, absorption, secretion, filtration, excretion, sensation

What are the 4 characterisitics of the epithelial tissue

polarity, basemnet membrane, avascular, regeneration

what is a tight junction

seals cells together

what is a desmosome

strong attachment beetween cells

what is a gap junction

allows communication between cells

what does simple mean in epithelial tissue

one cell layer

what does stratified mean in epithelial tissue

multiple cell layers

what is squamous epithelium

flat cells

what is cuboidal epithelium

cube shaped cells

what is columbar epithelium

tall rectangular cells

where is simple squamous epithelium found

alveoli and capillaries

what is the function of simple squamous epithelium

diffusion

where is simple cuboidal epithelium found

kidney tubules

what is the function of simple cuboidal epithealium

secretion and absorbtion

where is simple columbar epithelium found

digestive tract

what is the function of simple columnar epithelium

absorption and secretion

where is stratified squamous epithelium found

skin and tongue

what is the function of stratified squamous epithelium

protection

what is pseudostratified columnar epithelium

respiratory tract

what is transitional epithelium

stretchable epithelium of the urinary system

where is transitional epithelium foudn

urinary bladder and ureters

what is an endocrine gland

ductless gland that secretes hormones into bloos

what is an exocrine gland

gland that secretes through ducts

what are the 3 xomponents of connective tissue

cells, fibers, ground substance

what is the most abundant connective tissue cell

fibroblast w

what do adipocytes store

fat

what are mesenchymal cells

stem cells that form connective tissue

what are the 3 connective tissue fibers

collagen, elasticm reticular

what is the function of collagen fibers

strength and resistance to stretching

what is the function of the elastic fibers

stretch and recoil

what is the function of reticular fibers

supportive framework

what is areolar connective tissue

loose connective tissue found under epithelia

what is adipose tissue

fat storage tissue

what is reticular connective tissue

support tissue in spleen, liver, lymphnodes

what is dense regular connective tissue

parallel collagen fibers in tendons and ligaments

what is dense irregular connective tissue

random collagen fibers in dermis

what is elastice connective tissue

connective tissue rich in elastin

what are the 3 types of cartilage

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

which cartilage is most common

hyaline cartilage

where is hylanine cartilage found

joints and rib cage

where is elastic cartilage found

external ear