da actual freaking questions

The respiratory mucosa is made up of

 

dense irregular connective tissue.

 

ciliated cuboidal epithelium.

 

dense regular connective tissue.

 

squamous epithelium.

 

ciliated columnar epithelium

ciliated columnar epithelium

What type of connective tissue is the lamina propria of the respiratory mucosa?

 

areolar

 

reticular

 

elastic

 

dense fibrous

 

adipose

areolar

Which chamber is shared by the respiratory and digestive systems?

 

glottis.

 

pharynx.

 

vestibule.

 

trachea.

 

larynx.

pharynx

The glottis is

 

the passage from the pharynx to the larynx.

 

the cartilaginous part of the hard palate.

 

a flap of elastic cartilage.

 

the opening to the pharynx.

 

the inferior margin of the soft palate.

the passage from the pharynx to the larynx.

 

The trachea

 

is lined by dense regular connective tissue.

 

always maintains the same diameter.

 

is reinforced with C-shaped cartilages.

 

ends distally at the level of the diaphragm.

 

contains the vocal cords.

is reinforced with C-shaped cartilages.

Each lung typically contains ______________ tertiary bronchi.

 

9-10

 

3-4

 

15-20

 

1-2

 

20-25

9-10

Jin suffers from cystic fibrosis and frequently has periods where she can hardly breathe. The problem is most likely the result of

 

collapse of one or both lungs.

 

constriction of the trachea.

 

laryngeal spasms that occur in response to a toxic substance produced by the epithelial cells.

 

thick secretions that exceed the ability of the respiratory tract cilia to remove them.

 

inflammation of the bronchi.

thick secretions that exceed the ability of the respiratory tract cilia to remove them.

What is the function of the nasal conchae?

 

provide a surface for gas exchange.

 

provide an opening to the outside of the body.

 

divide the nasal cavity into a right and a left side.

 

create turbulence in the air to trap small particles in mucus.

 

provide an opening into the pharynx.

create turbulence in the air to trap small particles in mucus.

Sympathetic activation leads to

 

relaxation in skeletal muscle of bronchioles, causing bronchodilation.

 

contraction of smooth muscles of bronchioles, causing bronchoconstriction.

 

relaxation in smooth muscles of bronchioles, causing bronchodilation.

 

relaxation of smooth muscles of bronchioles, resulting in bronchoconstriction.

 

contraction of smooth muscles of bronchioles, causing bronchodilation.

relaxation in smooth muscles of bronchioles, causing bronchodilation.

What is the site of gas exchange within the lungs?

 

alveolar ducts.

 

pleural spaces.

 

bronchioles.

 

capillary beds.

 

alveoli.

alveoli

If an individual is suffering from a lack of angiotensin-converting enzyme, they may have a problem with the

 

endothelial cells of the alveolar capillaries.

 

type II pneumocytes lining the respiratory bronchioles.

 

alveolar macrophages within the alveolar sacs.

 

septal cells of the alveolar ducts.

 

squamous epithelial cells of the alveoli.

endothelial cells of the alveolar capillaries.

What is the layer of serous membrane that covers the surface of the lungs called?

 

surfactant.

 

visceral pleura.

 

pleural fluid.

 

mediastinum.

 

parietal pleura.

visceral pleura

Surfactant

 

replaces mucus in the alveoli.

 

is produced by pneumocytes type I.

 

is not found in healthy lung tissue.

 

phagocytizes dust or debris.

 

plays a key role in keeping alveoli open.

plays a key role in keeping alveoli open.

Which of the following is defined as the absorption of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide by cells?

 

pulmonary ventilation

 

hypoxia

 

internal respiration

 

external respiration

 

anoxia

internal respiration

Contraction of which muscle normally accounts for around 75% of the air movement in normal quiet breathing?

 

internal intercostals

 

rectus abdominis

 

internal obliques

 

diaphragm

 

external intercostals

diaphragm

In quiet breathing,

 

inspiration and expiration are both passive processes.

 

only the diaphragm is active during inhalation.

 

inspiration is passive and expiration involves muscular contractions.

 

inspiration and expiration involve muscular contractions.

 

inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive.

inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive.

During exhalation,

 

inside and outside pressures are equal.

 

pressure within the thoracic cavity decreases.

 

pressure inside the lungs is less than the outside pressure.

 

the volume of the thoracic cavity increases.

 

the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases.

the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases.

Which of the following gases has the highest partial pressure in saturated alveolar air?

 

nitrogen

 

oxygen

 

carbon monoxide

 

water vapor

 

carbon dioxide

nitrogen

Most of the carbon dioxide transported by the blood (approximately 70%) is

 

carried by white blood cells.

 

dissolved in plasma.

 

bound to the same protein as carbon dioxide.

 

transported as bicarbonate ions in the plasma.

 

bound to hemoglobin.

transported as bicarbonate ions in the plasma.

What does the enzyme carbonic anhydrase do in RBCs?

 

carbonic acid to be converted to hemoglobin

 

water to be converted to oxygen and carbon dioxide

 

carbon dioxide to be converted to water

 

carbon dioxide to be converted to carbonic acid

 

water to react with hydrogen ions

carbon dioxide to be converted to carbonic acid

When a skeletal muscle works hard,

 

pH declines and P_CO2 increases.

 

pH and P_CO2 decline.

 

pH and P_CO2 increase.

 

pH increases and P_CO2 declines.

 

P_O2 and pH increase.

pH declines and P_CO2 increases.

Respiration is controlled by the medulla oblongata and

 

cerebellum.

 

hypothalamus.

 

pons.

 

amygdala.

 

hippocampus.

pons

Which of the following factors would increase the amount of oxygen released by hemoglobin from the bloodstream?

 

decreased pH and increased temperature

 

decreased tissue P_O2 and increased pH

 

decreased temperature and decreased pH

 

decreased temperature and increased pH

 

increased tissue P_{O2 and increased pH}

decreased pH and increased temperature

Which statement regarding carbon dioxide transport in the blood is true?

 

HCO₃^- dissociates into CO₂ and O₂.

 

25% is converted to H₂CO₃ by carbonic anhydrase.

 

The chloride shift occurs when Cl^- moves out of RBCs in exchange for HCO₃^-.

 

H₂CO₃ dissociates into H⁺ and HCO₃^-.

 

93% remains dissolved in plasma as CO₂.

H₂CO₃ dissociates into H⁺ and HCO₃^-.

The illness characterized by shortness of breath resulting from loss of respiratory membrane surface for gas exchange is

 

cystic fibrosis.

 

emphysema.

 

lung cancer.

 

pneumonia.

 

asthma.

emphysema

Receptors in the medulla oblongata respond to which variables?

 

pH and P_CO2 in blood

 

pH and P_N2 in CSF

 

pH and P_O2 in CSF

 

pH and P_CO2 in CSF

 

P_O2 and pH in blood

pH and P_CO2 in CSF

Which of the following has the lowest partial pressure in inhaled dry air?

 

mercury

 

nitrogen

 

water vapor

 

oxygen

 

carbon dioxide

carbon dioxide

Decompression sickness is a painful condition that results in ________ gas coming out of solution in the bloodstream.

 

hydrogen

 

nitrogen

 

carbon monoxide

 

carbon dioxide

 

oxygen

nitrogen

When at rest, the amount of air that enters and leaves the lungs in a normal respiratory cycle is the

 

inspiratory volume.

 

residual volume.

 

tidal volume.

 

vital capacity.

 

total lung capacity.

tidal volume

Which of the following is defined as the maximum amount of air that can be moved into and out of the respiratory system in a single respiratory cycle?

 

vital capacity

 

inspiratory reserve volume

 

tidal volume

 

residual volume

 

expiratory reserve volume

vital capacity

Forced breathing during exhalation involves contraction of the internal intercostal muscles and the

 

diaphragm.

 

abdominal muscles.

 

serratus anterior.

 

external intercostals.

 

scalenes.

abdominal muscles

Low tissue oxygen levels is a condition known as

 

pneumothorax.

 

hyperventilation.

 

hypoxia.

 

cystic fibrosis.

 

emphysema.

hypoxia

The alveolar exchange surfaces of the lungs are approximately

 

140 square meters.

 

75 square kilometers.

 

7 square kilometers.

 

14 square meters.

 

1400 square centimeters.

140 square meters

Which of the following is described as an inflammation of the pulmonary lobules that typically results from infection?

 

pleurisy

 

cystic fibrosis

 

pneumonia

 

pneumothorax

 

emphysema

pneumonia

The following is a list of some of the structures of the respiratory tree:
1. secondary bronchi
2. tertiary bronchi
3. bronchioles
4. primary bronchi
The order in which air passes through these structures beginning at the trachea is

 

4, 1, 3, 2.

 

2, 3, 1, 4.

 

4, 1, 2, 3.

 

1, 2, 3, 4.

 

3, 2, 1, 4.

4, 1, 2, 3

The pitch of a vocal sound is controlled by changing the

 

length and depth of the nasal cavity.

 

force of air.

 

size of the laryngeal cartilage.

 

shape of the laryngeal cartilage.

 

diameter, length, and tension of the vocal cords.

diameter, length, and tension of the vocal cords.

The walls of bronchioles are dominated by ________, whose activity is regulated by the autonomic nervous system.

 

C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

 

a mix of cartilage plates and smooth muscle

 

elastic cartilage

 

skeletal muscle

 

smooth muscle

smooth muscle

The elastic structure that folds back over the glottis, preventing the entry of liquids or solid food into the respiratory tract during swallowing, is the

 

corniculate cartilage.

 

epiglottis.

 

thyroid cartilage.

 

glottis.

 

cuneiform cartilage.

epiglottis

What do the glands within the lamina propria of the respiratory mucosa secrete?

 

saliva.

 

hormones.

 

mucus.

 

acids.

 

sweat.

mucus

Ultimately, the microorganisms removed from incoming air by the mucus of the respiratory tract are destroyed by

 

alveolar macrophages.

 

a lack of nutrients.

 

the cilia.

 

toxins in the mucus.

 

stomach acids and enzymes.

stomaach acids and enzymes

Where does the nasal cavity open into the nasopharynx?

 

internal nares.

 

external nares.

 

turbinates.

 

palates.

 

vestibules.

internal nares

The ______________________ is the portion of the nasal cavity contained within the flexible tissues of the nose.

 

nasal septum.

 

nasopharynx.

 

internal chamber.

 

nasal vestibule.

 

glottis.

nasal vestibule

Which of the following forms much of the anterior and lateral surfaces of the larynx, and often contains an "Adam's apple"?

 

cuneiform cartilage

 

thyroid cartilage

 

arytenoid cartilage

 

corniculate cartilage

 

cricoid cartilage

thyroid cartilage

The paranasal sinuses, together with other structures of the upper respiratory tract,

 

provide a large area for gas exchange between air and circulating blood.

 

are lined by a delicate simple squamous epithelium.

 

are where a small percentage of gas exchange occurs.

 

are involved in filtering, warming, and humidifying incoming air.

 

form part of the respiratory membrane.

 

are involved in filtering, warming, and humidifying incoming air.

Functions of the respiratory system include

 

generating neurotransmitters essential to the neural control of respiration.

 

protecting respiratory surfaces from dehydration and temperature changes.

 

producing leukocytes needed to defend against invading pathogens.

 

providing erythrocytes, especially during times of increased oxygen demand.

 

melanin synthesis and utilization to shield alveoli from environmental hazards.

protecting respiratory surfaces from dehydration and temperature changes.

Which of the following forms much of the anterior and lateral surfaces of the larynx, and often contains an "Adam's apple"?

 

arytenoid cartilage

 

thyroid cartilage

 

corniculate cartilage

 

cuneiform cartilage

 

cricoid cartilage

thyroid cartilage

Diagnostic tests on a 50-year-old male show the following results:
IRV = 3000 ml, ERV = 900 ml, tidal volume = 500 ml, residual volume = 1300 ml
What is this patient's vital capacity?

 

4400 ml

 

3900 ml

 

3500 ml

 

5700 ml

 

5200 ml

4400 ml

Vital capacity includes (select all that apply)

 

expiratory reserve volume

 

inspiratory reserve volume

 

residual volume

 

tidal volume

experatory reserve volume, inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume

Where does the conducting portion of the respiratory system begin?

 

 

at the secondary bronchioles

 

at the nasopharynx

 

at the entrance to the nasal cavity

 

at the oropharynx

at the entrance to the nasal cavity

Respiratory surfaces of the nasal cavity are cleared by mucus produced by the respiratory mucosa and produced in the paranasal sinuses of which bones?

 

 

frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary

 

sphenoid, maxillary, lacrimal, and sphenoid

 

ethmoid, maxillary, nasal, and sphenoid

 

frontal, ethmoid, nasal, and parietal

frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary

Posterior support to the larynx is provided by which of the following?

 

the epiglottis

 

the trachealis muscle

 

the cricoid cartilage

 

the thyroid cartilage

the cricoid cartilage

Why are children's voices high-pitched?

 

The larynx is smaller with slender, short vocal

 

The larynx is smaller with wide, long vocal cords.

 

The epiglottis is thinner and more elastic.

 

The elastic ligaments, which extend between the thyroid cartilage and arytenoid cartilages, are tighter.

The larynx is smaller with slender, short vocal

Through which parts of the pharynx do food and drink normally pass during ingestion? (select all that apply)

 

laryngopharynx

 

oropharynx

 

epiglottis

 

nasopharynx

laryngopharynx, oropharynx

Where do terminal bronchioles branch into respiratory bronchioles?

 

at the secondary bronchi

 

at the alveolar ducts

 

at the alveolar sacs

 

within a lobule

within a lobule

Each lung contains about how many alveoli?

 

 

150, 000

 

1 million

 

1.5 million

 

150 million

150 million

Surfactant, which prevents alveolar collapse, is produced by which cells?

 

macrophages

 

pneumocytes type II

 

capillary epithelial cells

 

pneumocytes type I

pneumocytes type II

The amount of air that remains in the lungs after a maximal exhalation is the

 

residual volume.

 

minimal volume.

 

expiratory reserve volume.

 

anatomical dead space

residual volume

Blood in the veins of the pulmonary circuit has a relatively high partial pressure of ________ and relatively low partial pressure of ________.

 

CO2 ; O2

 

O2 ; CO2

 

CO2 ; N2

 

N2 ; O2

O2 ; CO2

At which point does thoracic cavity volume decrease and pressure inside rise?

 

during exhalation

 

during quiet inhalation

 

at rest

 

during forced inhalation

during exhalation

Which of the following is not a component of vital capacity?

 

expiratory reserve volume

 

residual volume

 

tidal volume

 

inspiratory reserve volume

residual volume

Which muscles act to lower the rib cage? (select all that apply)

 

internal obliques

 

internal intercostals

 

external intercostals

 

rectus abdominis

 

sternocleidomastoid

internal intercostals, rectus abdominis

Which of the following gases has the lowest partial pressure in inhaled air?

 

water vapor

 

oxygen

 

carbon dioxide

 

nitrogen

carbon dioxide

Nearly all the oxygen in the blood is carried

 

 

attached to hemoglobin at the same sites that bind carbon dioxide.

 

in the form of bicarbonate ions.

 

attached to iron atoms in the heme units of hemoglobin.

 

as oxygen gas dissolved in the plasma.

attached to iron atoms in the heme units of hemoglobin.

What happens to the majority of carbon dioxide molecules in plasma?

 

They are degraded by carbonic acid.

 

They are absorbed by peripheral capillaries.

 

They are diffused into erythrocytes.

 

They are diffused out of erythrocytes.

They are diffused into erythrocytes.

Which of the following statements is true regarding internal respiration?

 

Diffusion between the pulmonary capillaries and interstitial fluid increases the pO2 of blood and decreases its pCO2.

 

Diffusion between the systemic capillaries and interstitial fluid increases the pO2 of blood and decreases its pCO2.

 

Diffusion between the pulmonary capillaries and interstitial fluid decreases the pO2 of blood and increases its pCO2.

 

Diffusion between the systemic capillaries and interstitial fluid decreases the pO2 of blood and increases its pCO2.

Diffusion between the systemic capillaries and interstitial fluid decreases the pO2 of blood and increases its pCO2.

What occurs when the pH of interstitial fluid declines?

 

 

Hemoglobin molecules bind their bound oxygen molecules more tightly

 

Hemoglobin molecules release their bound carbon dioxide molecules more readily.

 

Body temperature declines and carbonic acid is readily formed, releasing oxygen molecules.

 

Hemoglobin molecules release their bound oxygen molecules more readily.

Hemoglobin molecules release their bound oxygen molecules more readily.

If peripheral tissue becomes more active,

 

pO2 rises and pCO2 falls.

 

pO2 and pCO2 both fall.

 

pO2 and pCO2 both rise.

 

pO2 falls and pCO2 rises.

pO2 falls and pCO2 rises.

In which of the following is an expiratory center found?

 

 

in the dorsal respiratory group

 

at the pons

 

at the carotid bodies

 

in the ventral respiratory group

in the ventral respiratory group

Which of the following factors will reduce the respiratory rate?

 

elevated body temperature

 

caffeine and amphetamine

 

decreased blood pH

 

decreased body temperature

decreeased body temp

Which system transports carbon dioxide as bicarbonate ions, which helps the buffering capability of blood against pH changes?

 

respiratory system

 

cardiovascular system

 

endocrine system

 

digestive system

cardiovascular system

Which of the following statements is true regarding chemoreceptors?

 

Stimulation leads to a decrease in depth and rate of respiration.

 

Aortic bodies respond to pH, pCO2, and pO2 in venous blood.

 

Aortic bodies are sensitive to pH, pCO2, and pO2 in arterial blood.

 

Receptors in the medulla oblongata respond to pH, pCO2, and pO2 in CSF.

Aortic bodies are sensitive to pH, pCO2, and pO2 in arterial blood.

Three ways that carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream include (select all that apply)

 

bound to hemoglobin

 

as bicarbonate ions

 

attached to albumin

 

dissolved in the plasma

bound to hemoglobin

 

as bicarbonate ions

 

dissolved in the plasma

The partial pressure of each gas determines the ____________________  for gas exchange.

 

fluid shift needed

 

rate of diffusion

 

respiration rate

 

electrolyte balance

rate of diffusion