Ointments, Creams, and Pharmaceutical Solutions Practice Exam Flashcards

A complete set of 150 practice flashcards for students reviewing lecture notes on Ointments, Creams, and Pharmaceutical Solutions, covering classifications, properties, advantages, disadvantages, and formulation additives.

What is the definition of an ointment?

Greasy semisolid preparations intended for external application to the skin or mucous membranes.

What are the two main types of ointments?

1. Medicated and 2. Non-medicated.

In terms of application, what are ointments intended for?

External application to the skin or mucous membranes.

Name one advantage of ointments related to their consistency.

Easy application and retention.

What properties of ointments contribute to their skin-softening effects?

Lubricating and emollient properties.

How do ointments compare to other forms in terms of drug action?

They provide prolonged drug action.

What physical nature of ointments makes them suitable for mucosal use?

Hydrophobic nature.

What is a major aesthetic disadvantage of ointments?

They are greasy and difficult to remove.

In terms of clothing, what is a disadvantage of using ointments?

They may cause staining of clothes.

Are ointments suitable for application on exudating sites?

No, they are not suitable for exudating sites.

What limitation do ointments have regarding the active ingredient?

Drug release limitations.

What are the four primary types of ointment bases?

1. Oleaginous bases, 2. Absorption bases, 3. Emulsion bases, and 4. Water-soluble bases.

What is the typical composition of Oleaginous bases?

Hydrocarbons such as petrolatum.

How much water content is typically found in Oleaginous bases?

None.

What is the ability of Oleaginous bases to absorb water?

No ability to absorb water.

Are Oleaginous bases washable?

No, they are not washable.

Describe the greasiness level of Oleaginous bases.

Greasiness is high (Yes).

What level of occlusiveness is provided by Oleaginous bases?

High.

How is drug release characterized for Oleaginous bases?

Poor.

What are the primary use examples for Oleaginous bases?

Emollient and Protectant.

Name two specific hydrocarbon components of Oleaginous bases.

Petrolatum and paraffin.

What is the composition of Absorption bases?

Hydrocarbon plus an emulsifier.

Describe the water content of Absorption bases.

None.

What is the ability of Absorption bases to absorb water?

They can absorb water.

Are Absorption bases easily washable?

No, they are not easily washable.

What is the greasiness level of Absorption bases?

Yes, they are greasy.

What is the level of occlusiveness for Absorption bases?

Moderate to high.

How does the drug release potential of Absorption bases compare to oleaginous ones?

It is better than oleaginous bases.

What is an example of an Absorption base mentioned as Hydrophilic Petrolatum?

Aquaphor.

Which type of Absorption base is categorized as anhydrous?

Aquaphor.

Which Absorption base is categorized as Water-in-Oil?

Eucerin.

What is the composition of Emulsion bases?

Water plus an oil emulsifier.

Do Emulsion bases contain water?

Yes.

To what extent can Emulsion bases absorb water?

Limited (depends on the type).

Are Emulsion bases easily washable?

Yes, they are easily washable, especially Oil-in-Water ($O/W$) types.

Are Emulsion bases more or less greasy than oleaginous bases?

Less greasy ($O/W$).

What is the level of occlusiveness for Emulsion bases?

Moderate.

How is drug release characterized in Emulsion bases?

Good.

What are the primary use examples for Emulsion bases?

Moisturizing creams and lotions.

Name a specific example of an Oil-in-Water Emulsion base.

Hydrophillic ointment.

What is the composition of Water-Soluble bases?

Polyethylene glycol ($PEG$).

What is the water content of Water-Soluble bases?

None or minimal.

Can Water-Soluble bases absorb water?

Yes.

Are Water-Soluble bases washable?

Yes, they are easily washable.

Are Water-Soluble bases greasy?

No.

What is the level of occlusiveness for Water-Soluble bases?

None.

How is drug release characterized in Water-Soluble bases?

Excellent, especially for solids.

What type of applications are the focus for Water-Soluble bases?

Water-soluble drug applications.

Name two molecular weights of PEG used as Water-Soluble bases.

$PEG\,400$ and $PEG\,3350$.

Name three types of preservatives often used in ointment formulations.

Propylparaben, Methylparaben, and Phenols.

What is the primary function of preservatives in topical formulations?

To prevent microbial contamination.

By preventing contamination, what benefit do preservatives provide to the product?

They extend the shelf life of the formulation.

Why are preservatives essential for multi-dose containers?

To maintain product safety during repeated use.

When is there a high risk of microbial contamination during use?

When the formulation contains water and is packaged in multi-dose containers.

What is the first point of comparison between ointments and creams on Page 10?

Appearance.

What is the second point of comparison between ointments and creams on Page 10?

Occlusiveness.

What is the third point of comparison between ointments and creams on Page 10?

Water content.

What is the fourth point of comparison between ointments and creams on Page 10?

Skin penetration.

What is the fifth point of comparison between ointments and creams on Page 10?

Application suitability.

What is the sixth point of comparison between ointments and creams on Page 10?

Ease of spread.

What is the seventh point of comparison between ointments and creams on Page 10?

Cosmetic acceptability.

What is the final point of comparison mentioned for ointments vs. creams?

Drug release.

How is a pharmaceutical solution defined?

A homogenous one-phase system consisting of $2$ or more components.

In a solution, what is the 'solvent'?

The component in which dispersion occurs.

In a solution, what is the 'solute'?

The component which is dispersed as small molecules or ions in the solvent.

Name five advantages of solutions as oral dosage forms.

1. Easier to swallow than solids, 2. Faster onset of action, 3. Taste-masking, 4. Uniform drug distribution, 5. Less irritation on the gastric mucosa.

Name five disadvantages of solutions.

1. Bulky, 2. Shorter shelf life, 3. Risk of microbial growth, 4. Patient-dependent dosage accuracy, 5. Unpleasant taste.

What brand of Insulin glargine injection is mentioned in the transcript?

Lantus.

What is the concentration of Lantus mentioned?

$100\,IU/ml$.

What is the volume of the Lantus vial shown in the transcript?

$10\,ml$.

What is the 'Fleet' product used for?

Ready-to-use enema for relief of occasional constipation and bowel cleansing.

What is the volume of a Fleet enema?

$133\,mL$.

What is the Sterimar baby product made of?

$100\%$ natural ingredient.

What is the intended use for Sterimar Baby?

Nasal hygiene for ages $0-3$ years.

What is the active ingredient in Steri-Neb nebulizer solution?

Ipratropium bromide.

What is the concentration of the Steri-Neb solution per vial?

$500\,\text{micrograms}/2\,ml$.

What is the concentration of Steri-Neb in micrograms per ml?

$250\,\text{micrograms}/ml$.

How is Steri-Neb administered?

Oral inhalation after nebulisation.

What are the two main categories of solution formulation choices based on solvent?

Aqueous and Non-aqueous.

What are the three types of pharmaceutical water used in aqueous solutions?

Potable water, Purified water, and Water for Injection.

How is Purified water obtained?

Through the distillation of potable water.

What is the definition of Water for Injection?

Sterilized distilled water.

Name three advantages of aqueous solutions.

Lack of toxicity, physiological compatibility, and ability to dissolve a wide range of materials.

What is a major disadvantage of aqueous solutions as a solvent?

Lack of selectivity.

What approach uses a Water/Ethanol blend to improve aqueous solubility?

Co-solvency.

What solubility approach utilizes cyclodextrins?

Complexation.

What approach involves changing the chemical structure to improve solubility?

Chemical modification.

What approach involves decreasing the size of solute particles?

Particle size reduction.

Name another approach to improve aqueous solubility mentioned on Page 20.

pH control and Solubilization.

When are non-aqueous solutions necessary regarding solubility?

When it is not possible to ensure complete solution of ingredients at storage temperatures.

When is non-aqueous solvent choice necessary for Stability?

When the drug is unstable in aqueous systems.

What is 'depot therapy' in the context of non-aqueous solutions?

Intramuscular ($IM$) injections where an oily solution remains as a discrete entity within the muscle tissue for slow release.

Why do aqueous solutions release drugs faster than non-aqueous oily solutions from the muscle?

Aqueous solutions diffuse readily, while oily solutions remain a discrete entity.

Give an example of a drug used for depot therapy injections.

Propionate esters of testosterone.

The choice of an alternative non-aqueous solvent depends on which six factors?

Toxicity, Irritancy, Sensitizing potential, Stability, Cost, and Compatibility with other excipients.

What are the three classifications of non-aqueous solvents?

Fixed Oils of Vegetable Origins, Alcohols, and Polyhydric Alcohols.

What additive is used to maintain the pH of a solution?

Buffers.

What additive is used to prevent microbial growth in solutions?

Preservatives.

Name three common sweetening agents used in solutions.

Sucrose, sorbitol, and mannitol.

What are 'artificial sweeteners' categorized as?

Sweetening agents.