Final Exam Review: Respiration, Osmoregulation, and Reproduction

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering respiration mechanics, osmoregulation, nitrogenous waste, and human reproductive cycles based on the final exam review lecture notes.

Ventilation

The process of moving air into and out of an organism.

Negative pressure breathing

A mechanism used by mammals where air is pulled into the lungs.

Boyle's law

A physical law stating that pressure and volume are inverse of each other, meaning as pressure increases, volume decreases and vice versa.

Respiration

The process of gas exchange characterized by the movement of gases down the concentration gradient or from high pressure to low pressure.

Respiratory surface

The specific site where gas exchange takes place within an organism.

Respiratory media

The source of oxygen for an organism, which is either air or water.

Hemoglobin

A protein pigment containing a metal ion that binds and carries dissolved gases, specifically oxygen, in the blood.

Solute

Any substance with the ability to attract water, such as salts, sugars, lipids, and proteins.

Osmoregulation

The process of balancing the loss and gain of water due to the presence or absence of solutes.

Nitrogenous metabolic waste

Waste products produced from the breakdown of proteins and nucleic acids.

Urea

The specific type of nitrogenous waste found in mammals.

Ammonia

The nitrogenous waste product found in marine and freshwater fish.

Uric acid

The nitrogenous waste product found in birds.

Ureter

The structure (labeled B in the excretory system diagram) that connects the kidney to the urinary bladder.

Urethra

The structure (labeled D in the excretory system diagram) through which urine is eliminated from the body.

Glomerulus

A cluster of tiny blood vessels in the nephron with thin walls that allow smaller molecules, wastes, and fluid to pass into the tubule.

Secretion

The selective movement of specific ions or waste from the peritubular capillaries into the tubular lumen.

Excretion

The elimination of final processed waste from the kidney, calculated as Filtration + Secretion - Reabsorption.

Reproduction

The creation of a new individual.

Sex

The biological process defined specifically as the exchange of genetic information.

Asexual reproduction types

Methods of reproduction including fission, budding, fragmentation, and parthenogenesis.

Gonads

Organs that produce gametes, known as testes in males and ovaries in females.

Sertoli cells

Cells located within the seminiferous tubules of the testes where sperm start their development.

Haploid ($1N$)

The ploidy level of eggs and sperm, containing only one copy of each gene.

Estrogen (Estradiol)

The hormone secreted by a growing pre-ovulatory follicle in increasing amounts.

Progesterone

A hormone produced by the corpus luteum during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle.

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

A hormone produced by the trophoblast to signal its presence, serving as the basis for pregnancy tests.

Endometrium

The lining of the uterus that increases in thickness to prepare for the implantation of an embryo.

Ovarian duct (fallopian tube)

The location in the female reproductive system where the fertilization of the egg takes place.

Organogenesis

The process of organ formation that occurs during the first trimester of pregnancy.

Second Trimester

The stage of pregnancy in which the placenta takes over the production of progesterone from the corpus luteum.

Third Trimester

The stage of pregnancy characterized by significant fetal growth and final organ maturation.