DE US History Unit 2 Test

Who were the Patriots and who were the Loyalists?

Patriots were the people who were striving and fighting for the independence of American Colonies from the British rule during the American War of Independence.

Loyalists were the people who supported the British rule in America because they believed that a unified empire is always strong.

Were all American colonists supportive of the Patriot cause? Were all American colonists supportive of either the Patriots or the Loyalists?

Patriots were mostly supported in the New England colonies, while Loyalists were more likely to be found in the Southern colonies. Patriots felt that the recent British laws enacted on American colonies were unfair and violated their rights.

Who were the Hessians?

German soldiers who served as auxiliaries to the British Army during the American Revolutionary War

Who wrote the American Crisis?

Thomas Paine

Who was the commander of British forces in North America in 1776

William Howe

What happened at the Battle of Trenton

The American crossed the Delaware river and surprised the British and Hessians on Christmas Night.

What was the leading cause of death among American soldiers during 1776-1777

smallpox

What was the largest and wealthiest American city during the American Revolution

Philadelphia

What was the significance of the Battle of Saratoga

it was a turning point in the American Revolution

What countries did America have alliances with?

Spain, France, and the Netherlands

Who was Wilhem von Steuben?

a Prussian general who helped train Continental army

Who was George Washington?

Appointed by the Continental Congress as commander of the Continental Army, Washington led the Patriot forces to victory in the American Revolutionary War and served as the president of the Constitutional Convention of 1787

Who was General Burgoyne?

British general, best remembered for his defeat by superior American forces in the Saratoga (New York) campaign of 1777, during the American Revolution.

Who was George Rogers Clark?

Went down the Ohio River and surprised the British at Kaskai and Cahokia

Where did Washington and his men stay for the winter of 1777-1778?

Valley Forge

Why did Britain eventually try to move the war toward Southern colonies?

lack of success they had fighting in the northern regions of the colonies.

What happened at the battle of Chesapeake?

it was a French naval victory over the British fleet

At what Battle was British General Cornwallis defeated and force to surrender

The Battle of Chesapeake

What is the name of the treaty that ended the Revolutionary War

The Treaty of Paris (1783)

What are the Articles of Confederation? When were they drafted? When were they ratified?

the first constitution of the United States; 1777; 1781

What were the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?

Congress had no power to tax.

System of checks and balances.

The central government lacked strong powers.

Congress could not control trade or commerce.

What was the Northwest Ordinance? What did it say about education? What did it say about Native Americans?

Created under the Articles of Confederation. Created a process for admitting new states, promoted public education, protected private property, and banned slavery in the Northwest Territory; schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged; to prohibit slavery and involuntary servitude

What are the three branches of government?

Legislative, Executive, Judicial

What American branch were many Americans originally quite suspicious of?

Legislative

What was Shay's Rebellion? What was its significance?

Revolutionary War veteran Daniel Shays led a march on Springfield to shut down the state supreme court and then attack the Springfield arsenal; it clarified that perception and imparting a sense of urgency to the task of institutional reform

Who was the presiding officer at the Federal convention?

George Washington

In what city and what year did the Convention take place?

Philidelphia 1787

Who is the father/architect of the Constitution

James Madison

What were the Virginia and New Jersey plans?

• Virginia Plan (Big State Plan): bigger is better, bicameral, executive & judicial branches

• New Jersey Plan (Little State Plan): all equal, unicameral, all one vote, Congress raise revenue, Supreme Court (serve for life)

How are both of these plans reflected in the US constitution

They retain most of its structure from the Articles of Confederation

What are the first 10 amendments called?

Bill of Rights

When were the Articles of Confederation ratified? When was this document in affect?

1781; March 1, 1781

Which Revolutionary battle led to an alliance between the French and the Americans

The Battle at Saratoga

What was George Washington's estate called?

Mount Vernon

Who came up with the Great Compromise?

Roger Sherman

When did the Framers decide the Transatlantic slave trade must come to an end?

1808

Edmund Burke coined the term _________ to describe England's attention to the colonies.

Wise and salutary neglect

The English approach to colonies were about _________ rather than money, trading posts, or gold as in Spain and France.

Spreading the English way of life, self-rule.

Why did the French and Indian war start? (Seven Years' War)

Pennsylvania fur traders and land-hungry Virginians began to venture across the Allegheny Mountains and into the Ohio River Valley. They were met with angry French settlements and trading interests.

Who was the first man to attempt to deal with the French conflict in the Ohio River Valley?

21-year-old George Washington. Two attempts, two defeats.

What general was defeated by French and Ojibwa Indian guerrilla forces in 1755?

Edward Braddock in Virginia

Who was the prime minister of England that spent over 90 million Euros to fund the Seven Years' War?

William Pitt

The French and Indian War ended with what?

General James Wolfe defeated French infantry at Quebec City.

What concluded the F&I War?

Treaty of Paris in 1763

With the end of the French and Indian war, what happened to the colonies?

American national sentiment flourished, but benign neglect was over - British wanted them to pay for the massive debt. Also, the 1730s brought spiritual revival through the evangelical style of Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield (Great Awakening).

Albany Congress

7/13 colonies considered a Plan of Union proposed by Ben Franklin, in 1754.

How much was the British debt?

58 million pounds

Benjamin Franklin

Epitome of the Enlightenment, ran away at 17 to Philidelphia to become a printer. Retired from business in his 40s, studying electricity and inventing the Franklin stove, glass harmonic, lighting rod, bifocal glasses. Also a politician, creating the first library, fire department, and first hospital in Philidelphia.

Pontiac's Rebellion resulted in...

British government signing the Royal Proclamation of 1763, which prohibited settlers from crossing the tops of the Appalachian Mountains.

Sugar Act of 1764

Placed tariffs on sugar, tea, coffee, and wine (imports). Smugglers were tried before British naval officers, George Grenville enacted this.

Currency Act of 1764

Ended the colonies' practice of printing their own paper money as a means of easing currency shortages.

Stamp Act and Quartering Act of 1765

Revenue stamps had to be purchased for legal documents and printed matter of all kinds. QA required colonial legislatures to supply British troops with barracks and food wherever they were. Neither worked - colonists just refused.

What three actions did the British do in 1766?

Grenville was dismissed from office, the Stamp Act was repealed, but they passed the Declaratory Act

Declaratory Act of 1766

Parliament's power over the colonies was unlimited in principle and could enact whatever law it wished.

In 1767, Charles Townshend...

introduced a revenue plan that taxed glass, paint, lead, paper, and tea imported into the colonies - this was met with boycotting of British goods.

After the Boston Massacre, the British repealed what?

All the Townshend duties except the one on tea, which in 1773, was met with the Boston Tea Party.

What followed the Boston Tea Party?

Four Coercive Acts/Intolerable Acts: Annulled Massachusetts's charter, closed Boston harbor, forced quartering, and moved trials for capital crimes outside of the area they were committed.

What was drafted at the first Continental Congress in Philidelphia in 1774?

a Declaration of American Rights

"The Revolution was effected before the war commenced. The Revolution was in the minds and hearts of the people; a change in their religious sentiments of their duties and obligations." PAGE 46

John Adams

"The New England governments are in a state of rebellion. Blows must decide whether they are to be subject to this country or independent." PAGE 46

King George III

The thread of war began when...

April 1775, Thomas Gage (royal governor of MA) was ordered to aggressively stop the rebellion, marching 700 men to Concord. On the way, they met Minutemen in Lexington who were warned by Paul Revere that the British were coming.

What was the outcome of Lexington and Concord?

The British shot down 8 Minutemen in Lexington, but retreated to Boston at Concord, losing 3x men than the Americans.

Following Concord?

Battle of Bunker Hill, where the British lost 1000 men.

Olive Branch Petition

On July 8, 1775, John Dickinson made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). It was rejected by Parliament, which in December 1775 passed the American Prohibitory Act forbidding all further trade with the colonies. King George didn’t even read the petition.

Thomas Paine's pamphlet Common Sense

This piece directed the grievances onto the King himself, calling for American independence and the creation of a democratic republic, early 1776, directed colonial ways toward King George. “heart of a coward“ and “Kiss up“

"I did not consider it any part of my charge to invent new ideas, but to place before mankind the common sense of the subject."

Thomas Jefferson on the Declaration of Independence

How many states were needed to ratify the Constitution?

9 of 13

Patrick Henery

Anti-Federalist of virgina who opposed ratification, didn’t want monarchy

Anti-Federalists

Opponents of the American Constitution at the time when the states were contemplating its adoption.

Federalist Papers

A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the Constitution in detail. Published in New York newspapers, Over 10 month period

Framers of the Constitution

Group of delegates who drafted the United States Constitution at the Philadelphia Convention in 1787

Response to state legislators' attempts to block ratification

Framers invoked the use of special conventions that let voters decide on the proposed change to the form of government. Sovereignty rested with the people, not existing officials.

What did Framers fear most?

concentrated power

What did the federalists have to promise to create a national government?

Bill of Rights

Bill of Rights, 1791

The Bill of Rights is the collective name for the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution. Proposed to assuage the fears of Anti-Federalists

Rights in the Bill of Rights

First 10 amendments. freedom of speech, religion, right to bear arms, protections against unreasonable search and seizure (4th), powers not granted to the national government given to the states (10th)

Tenth Amendment

Amendment stating that the powers not delegated to the federal gov. are reserved to the states

George Washington

1st President, did not want the job but no one else matched his stature

First Cabinet

Created by Washington to help him lead the country. Consisted of Thomas Jefferson as the Secretary of State, Henry Knox as the Secretary of War, and Alexander Hamilton as the Secretary of Treasury, Randolf as his first attorney general

Bank of the United States (1791)

National bank responsible for holding and transferring federal government funds, making business loans, and issuing a national currency.

Which states opposed Hamilton's plan?

Southern states, fear that men would try and make money off of the government.

Compromise for Hamilton's Plan

In exchange for Virgina votes to charter the Bank of The United States and assumption of public debt, the capital would be moved from Philladelphia to Washington DC

Democrat-Republicans relied on state ________, believing full-time armies were tools of despots to rob people of their _________.

state militia, their liberties

Democrat-Republican Party

led by Thomas Jefferson wanted embraced virtues of an agrarian republic led by self sufficient farmers.

Federalists

Led by Hamilton favored a central government that would foster growth of trade and manufacturing

Jefersonians foreign policy favored

France

Hamiltonians Foreign policy favored

Britian

Why did Jefferson resign his cabinet post?

Washington declared neutrality in the French Revolution (between France and Britian)

Jay Treaty addressed..

1. trade 2. borders 3. trade

Key points of Washington's farewell address

-importance of unity

- importance of transcending party and sectional disputes by putting the nation first

- set the tone foreign policy by warning against permanent foreign entanglements abroad

John Adams

beat Thomas Jefferson to become the 2nd president, a sign that democratic republicans were gaining control. Benefited from the love people had for Washington. Was known as vain, easily angered, kept the US out of war, and defended soldiers during the Boston Massacre,

Abigail Adams

John Adam's wife, and political partner. she appealed to her husband to protect the rights of women, Adams went to her a lot for advice

"Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute!"

slogan that replaced the affectionate view towards France

Adams resisted war with France because....

The united states had a very small Army and Navy.

Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)

passed by Federalists, signed by President Adams;

- increased waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years,

- empowered president to arrest and deport dangerous aliens, - made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal government or its officials. limited freedom of speech and press

- as a result 5 democratic republican editors were prosecuted

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.

1800 election

Jefferson vs. Burr - Jefferson and Burr received the same number of votes, House of Representatives had to decide. Jefferson won, and Burr became the VP.

It was the first peaceful transfer of power from one party to another

Significance - led to voting for president and VP seperately

Aaron Burr

- knew hamilton intervened in the election to give Jefferson the presidency

-ran with Thomas Jefferson

-Hamilton campaigned against Burr

-dueled with Hamilton and killed him

Jefferson's Inaugural Address

"We are all Federalists, we are all Republicans" Jefferson (a Republican) declared that he wanted to keep the nation unified and avoid partisan conflicts

Who was the first president to occupy the white house?

Jefferson, took the oath in Washington, D.C