Vietnam, Brunei, Myanmar, Thailand

Vietnam

poems

Hanoi

center of literature of Vietnam, capital of Vietnam

Temple of Literature

located in Hanoi, dedicated to Confucius

Vietnam literature consists of folk and written literature.

Written literature includes kanji, chu Nom, and chu Quoc ngu

Chu Nom

Nom letters, in the 18th century was declared the official written script of Vietnam

Chu Quoc ngu

from the early 20th century, the national language spread nationwide; with the development of printing technology together with exposure to Western and Eastern literature, Vietnamese literature witnessed a great number of new literary genres

New Poetry Movement of 1930s

a modern movement to liberate Vietnamese poetry from restrictive rules of classical Chinese poetry

Tu Luc Van Doan

group influenced by the west, created modern Vietnam novels

French, Japanese, American, Chinese

Vietnam colonizers

Truyen, Han Viet, Quoc Am

three main types of Vietnamese literature

Truyen

traditional oral literature

Han Viet

Chinese-Vietnamese literature

Quoc Am

modern literature, anything written in the romanticized quoc ngu alphabet

Tone rule

one of the most important elements in most vietnamese verse forms

Bang

flat; rhythm of lower pitch, depends on speaker or reader; composed of two tones ngang and huyen

Trac

sharp/non-flat; higher pitch; comprises of four tones: sac, hoi, nga, nang

Rhyme scheme rule

two kinds Van Giau and Van Ngheo

Van Giau

rich rhymes, when two words have the same final sound and their tones come from the same category

Van Ngheo

poor rhymes, when two words have nearly similar final sound and their tones come from the same category

Different Poetic Forms of Vietnam

Tho Bon Chu

four word verse, measures the number of words per line rather than syllables; stanzaic, written in a series of couplets, each line has 4 words

Tho Sau Chu

six word verse, alternate or envelope rhyme, can be written in quatrains or octaves

Six-Eight Poetry

when Tho Sau Chu is written in octaves

Alternate rhyme

abab cdcd etc.

Envelope rhyme

abba cddc etc.

Tho Bay Chu

more flexible tonal pattern than most Viet verse with the exception of when an end word in the first line is flat, the 3rd word must be sharp, while when the end word of second line is sharp, the 4th word must be flat; stanzaic, written in any number quatrains, measured 7 words per line

Tho Tam Chu

eight word poetry, more flexible in stanza length and tonal and end rhyme; stanzaic, any number of either tercets, quatrains, or septets

Septet

aaaabbc or aaaaaab

Selamat pagi

Good morning

Selamat petang

Good afternoon

Selamat datang ke Brunei Indah Salam

Welcome to beautiful brunei darussalam

Brunei Literature

a small country in Southeast Asia located on the northern coast of the island of Borneo, near Malaysia.

January 1, 1984

date of Brunei’s independence

Majapahit Empire

A Hindu empire based in Java that once influenced Brunei.

Legislative council

an entirely appointed body by decree of the sultan in 1970, was suspended during Brunei’s independence and replaced by a ministerial form of government

Islamic Sultanate

The form of government in Brunei ruled by a Sultan under Islamic principles.

19th century

Brunei Darussalam Empire was riddled with wars, piracy, and other colonial expansions of European powers

Saya/Aku

I/me

Awak/Kau

you

Kami

we/us

Si Awang

that boy

Si Dayang

that girl

Lelaki/laki-laki

guys/boys/men

Perempuan/bini-bini

girls/women

Budiman

gentlemen

Kebawah duli

his majesty

Makan

eat

Cinta

love

Suka

like

Terima kasih

thank you

Brunei Sultanate

represents one of the oldest ruling dynasties in the world

Islam

The official religion of Brunei.

Brunei Malay

The national language spoken in Brunei and lingua franca in parts of east malaysia

Bahasa Melayu Brunei or Kedayan

other term for the national language of Brunei

Standard Malay

The official language of Brunei.

Arabic

The language of the Quran used by Islamic scholars and Muslims.

Haianese, Hoisan, Fuchow

Chinese languages used in Brunei

English

Widely used in business, government, and as a medium of instruction starting Year 4 (Brunei)

Language and Literature Bureau

Government body that promotes literature and publishes textbooks (Brunei)

Sajak

A popular poetry form among school children in Brunei.

Sya’ir Awang Simawn

Most famous traditional epic poem about a Brunei cultural hero and warrior.

Malay Culture

The main cultural influence in Brunei is reflected in its language, architecture, ceremonies, and customs.

Malay traditions

Brunei’s cultural root

Islam

Brunei’s heart

Myanmar

A Southeast Asian country located north of Thailand.

Burmese Language

The official language and mother tongue of the Bamar people in Myanmar.

Burmese Script

A writing system made up of circular and semicircular letters derived from the Mon script.

Mon Script/Language

A recognized indigenous language in Myanmar and Thailand.

Palm leaf

introduced in the early part of the Christian era, by two dominant ethnic groups Ryu and Mon (hindu colonists)

Palm Leaf Manuscripts

Dried palm leaves used as early writing materials in Southeast Asia and India.

Thailand

A Southeast Asian country whose official language is Thai.

Thai Language

The official language of Thailand; written without spaces between words.

English

Considered a second language and used in tourist areas, maps, and transport announcements.

Khmers of Cambodia

alphabet that is the basis of written Thai and is said to have become standardized during the reign of King Ramkhamhaeng during the Sukhothai period

High, mid, low, rising, falling

five tones of the Thai language

Wai

The traditional Thai greeting performed by pressing hands together and bowing slightly, offered by the younger of two people greeting

Sawatdee khrab

spoken words for males doing wai

Sawatdee kha

spoken words for females doing wai

Krap

A polite particle used by male speakers in Thailand.

Ka

A polite particle used by female speakers in Thailand.

Ramakien

Thailand’s national epic based on the Indian epic Ramayana.

Ramayana

An ancient Indian epic that influenced Thai literature.

Tosakanth

The demon king in Ramakien who abducted Queen Sida.

Queen Sida

The wife of King Rama in Ramakien.

Sunthorn Phu

A famous Thai poet known for romantic and adventure poetry.

Phra Aphai Mani

A romantic adventure story written by Sunthorn Phu, prince encounters mythical creatures and shit

Nirats

Travel poems in Thai literature often performed orally with musical accompaniment.

Thai Literature

Literary works heavily influenced by Indian culture, often focusing on epics, love stories, and Buddhist themes.