Working with Children Unit Two

Physical Development

Involves growth related to the body and motor skills, including large and small motor skills, sensory development, and health maintenance.

Intellectual Development

Involves learning, problem-solving, creative thinking, language, and moral development.

Emotional Development

Involves identifying and expressing feelings, understanding others' feelings, and developing a positive self-concept.

Social Development

Involves getting along with others, sharing, cooperating, appreciating diversity, and following appropriate behaviors.

Multiple Intelligences

Theory proposed by Howard Gardner that suggests intelligence is not a single entity but consists of distinct types, such as linguistic, logical-mathematical, and more.

Linguistic Intelligence

Sensitivity to spoken and written language; ability to learn languages and use language effectively.

Logical-Mathematical Intelligence

Ability to analyze problems logically, perform mathematical operations, and investigate issues scientifically.

Spatial Intelligence

Ability to recognize and manipulate patterns in space and understand spatial relationships.

Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence

Ability to use one's body to solve problems; often associated with physical activities.

Musical Intelligence

Skill in performance and appreciation of musical patterns and the ability to create and recognize musical compositions.

Interpersonal Intelligence

Capacity to understand the intentions and motivations of others and effectively work with them.

Intrapersonal Intelligence

Capacity to understand oneself and use that understanding to regulate one’s life.

Naturalistic Intelligence

Ability to recognize and classify various species and understand relationships within the natural world.

Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory

Theory proposing that children's cognitive development occurs in stages, each building on the previous one.

Sensorimotor Stage

Piaget's first stage of cognitive development (ages 0-2), where children learn about the world through sensory experiences and motor actions.

Preoperational Stage

Piaget's second stage (ages 2-7) characterized by the development of language and mental representation.

Concrete Operational Stage

Piaget's third stage (ages 7-11) where logical thinking develops, allowing children to solve concrete problems.

Formal Operational Stage

Piaget's fourth stage (ages 11 and up) characterized by abstract thinking and the ability to reason logically.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

A motivational theory consisting of five levels of human needs, from physiological to self-actualization.

Deficiency Needs

The first four levels of Maslow’s hierarchy that must be met before growth needs can be addressed.

Self-Actualization Needs

The highest level in Maslow's hierarchy, characterized by realizing one's potential.

Erikson's 8 Stages of Development

A theory that identifies eight conflicts that must be resolved for healthy psychosocial development throughout life.

Trust vs Mistrust

Erikson's first stage of development, where infants learn to trust caregivers based on their responsiveness.

Autonomy vs Shame

Erikson's second stage where toddlers learn to explore their environment and develop personal autonomy.

Initiative vs Guilt

Erikson's third stage focused on preschoolers taking initiative to set and pursue goals.

Industry vs Inferiority

Erikson's fourth stage in early school years where children evaluate their competencies compared to peers.

Identity vs Role Confusion

Erikson's fifth stage during adolescence characterized by the quest for personal identity.

Intimacy vs Isolation

Erikson's sixth stage focusing on forming intimate relationships in young adulthood.

Generativity vs Stagnation

Erikson's seventh stage where adults seek to contribute to society and the next generation.

Ego Integrity vs Despair

Erikson's eighth stage where adults reflect on their lives and face aging.

Montessori Method

An educational approach developed by Maria Montessori focusing on child-centered learning and fostering independence.

Development Characteristics

Development is similar for everyone, proceeds at individual rates, builds on prior learning, is interrelated, and continuous throughout life.