3. Organic Medicinal Chemistry

300 practice flashcards based on the provided Organic Medicinal Chemistry transcript.

What is the practice of medicinal chemistry primarily devoted to?

Discovery & development of new drugs

What is defined as an agent intended for use in the diagnosis, mitigation, treatment, cure, or prevention of disease?

Drug

What is the term for a substance a drug needs to interact with to elicit a pharmacological response?

Receptor

What is the ability of a drug to bind to a receptor called?

Affinity

What term refers to the ability of a drug to exert a pharmacologic action?

Intrinsic

What are the four fundamental pathways of a drug in the body?

1. Absorption 2. Distribution 3. Metabolism 4. Excretion

Which process involves drugs being emptied via the bile duct into the small intestine and reabsorbed back to systemic circulation?

Enterohepatic Recirculation

What is the sequence of the Enterohepatic Recirculation pathway?

Liver \rightarrow Intestines \rightarrow Liver

What describes the selection of structural components that make a drug interchangeable with drugs of the same pharmacologic class?

Isosterism

What are compounds or groups of atoms having the same number and arrangement of electrons called?

Isosteres

What is the effect of replacing the hydroxyl group of folic acid with an amino group?

It creates an analogue with selective biologic activity

What is the name for compounds that kill (–cidal) or prevent the growth of (–static) microorganisms on living tissue?

Antiseptic

What are agents that prevent infection by destroying pathogenic microorganisms on inanimate objects?

Disinfectant

How does the number of carbons in an alcohol affect its antibacterial property?

Increasing carbons up to carbon $8$ increases antibacterial property

How does branching in alcohols generally affect antibacterial property?

Branching tends to decrease antibacterial property

Which alcohol is the exception to the rule that branching decreases antibacterial property?

Isopropyl alcohol

What are the common names for Alcohol USP?

Grain Alcohol and Wine Spirit

What is considered the most widely abused of all recreational drugs?

Alcohol USP (Spiritus vini recticatus)

How is Alcohol USP manufactured?

Fermentation of grain or Hydration of Ethyl

What is ethanol that has been rendered unfit for use in intoxicating beverages by adding other substances?

Denatured Alcohol

What does completely denatured alcohol contain that make it unsuitable for internal or external use?

Added methanol (wood alcohol) and benzene

What is the concentration of Diluted Alcohol?

$\frac{49}{50}$ %

What is the concentration of Rubbing Alcohol?

$$70\%$$

What is the concentration of Absolute Alcohol?

$$95\%$$

What is the concentration of Dehydrated Alcohol?

$$99\%$$

What is the primary use of Isopropyl alcohol?

To disinfect the skin and surgical instruments

At what concentration range is Isopropyl alcohol rapidly bactericidal?

$50\%$ to $95\%$

A concentration of $40\%$ Isopropyl alcohol is equal in antiseptic power to what concentration of ethanol?

$60\%$ ethanol

What can the ingestion of Formic Acid cause?

Blindness

What is the common use for Ethylene Oxide?

Gas sterilant

What type of equipment is Ethylene Oxide used to sterilize?

Temperature-sensitive medical equipment and pharmaceuticals that cannot be autoclaved

What is the Mechanism of Action (MOA) for Ethylene Oxide?

Alkylation of functional groups in nucleic acids and proteins

What is a major safety concern for Ethylene Oxide?

It is carcinogenic

What is the common name for Formaldehyde USP?

Formalin

What are common uses for Formaldehyde USP?

Disinfectant and embalming fluid

Formaldehyde USP contains not less than what percentage of formaldehyde?

$$37\%$$

Why is methanol added to Formaldehyde USP?

To retard polymerization

What is the MOA of Glutaraldehyde (Cidex)?

Direct and nonspecific alkylation of nucleophilic functional groups of proteins

What is Glutaraldehyde (Glutarol) used for?

Sterilizing solution for equipment and instruments that cannot be autoclaved

What is the historical standard to compare germicides?

Phenol (Carbolic Acid)

Who introduced Phenol as a surgical antiseptic?

Sir Joseph Lister

What is the composition of Liquefied Phenol, USP?

Phenol containing $10\%$ water

What is the definition of Phenol Coefficient?

Ratio of the dilution of a disinfectant to the dilution of phenol required to kill S. typhi

What does a greater Phenol Coefficient indicate?

Greater antibacterial property

How does the substitution of alkyl, aryl, or halogen at the p-position of phenol affect activity?

Increases antibacterial property

Between straight-chain and branched alkyl groups on phenol, which is more effective?

Straight chain alkyl groups

What is the MOA of Phenol?

Protein precipitation

What is Cresol?

A mixture of three isomeric cresols

What is Eugenol commonly known as?

Clove oil

What are the uses for Eugenol?

Toothache drop, anesthetic, and antiseptic

What chemical is used for treatment of tinea infections?

Thymol (metacresol)

What are the properties of Resorcinol?

Antiseptic and keratolytic

What is the primary MOA of Oxidizing Agents?

Liberation of nascent oxygen (free radicals) and denaturing of proteins

What are the available strengths of Panoxyl (Benzoyl Peroxide)?

$2.5\%$, $5\%$, and $10\%$

What are the actions of Hydrous Benzoyl Peroxide on cells?

Keratolytic and keratogenic agent; induces proliferation of epithelial cells

What is the most effective topical OTC agent for acne control?

Hydrous Benzoyl Peroxide

What is Carbamide Peroxide?

A stable complex of urea and hydrogen peroxide

When does Carbamide Peroxide release hydrogen peroxide?

When mixed w/ water

Against what type of bacteria is Hydrogen Peroxide particularly active?

Anaerobic bacteria

What factors limit the effectiveness of Hydrogen Peroxide?

Poor tissue penetrability and transient action

In what medium is the stability of Hydrogen Peroxide increased?

Acid Medium

Why is Acetanilide ($0.03\%$) added to Hydrogen Peroxide?

To increase stability by catalytically retarding decomposition

What condition can result from continued use of Hydrogen Peroxide as mouthwash?

Vincent’s Stomatitis (Hairy Tongue)

How is the volume specification of Oxygen measured?

$mL$ of Oxygen measured at standard temperature & pressure

What concentration and oxygen release is associated with a 20-volume solution?

$6\%$ concentration and releases $20\,mL$ oxygen

What is the common use for NaOCl?

Bleaching agent

What is the MOA of Chlorine?

Chlorination of amide in CHON and oxidation of –SH group

Which chlorine-containing compound is used to disinfect drinking water?

Halazone

Which reagent precipitates chlorides from solution?

Silver Nitrate reagent

What color does Iodine produce with Starch and Dextrin?

Blue color

What is the composition of Iodine Tincture?

$2\%$ solution of iodine in $50\%$ alcohol w/ NaI

What is the composition of Lugol’s Solution (Strong Base)?

$5\%$ I in water w/ KI

What is the composition of Iodine Solution?

$2\%$ iodine in water w/ NaI

What chemicals act as iodine stabilizers?

Sodium and Potassium

What is Povidone Iodine (Betadine) complexed with?

Polyvinylpyrrolidone (a nonionic surfactant polymer)

What is the approximate iodine content of Povidone Iodine?

$$10\%$$

What are the advantages of Povidone Iodine over traditional iodine?

Nontoxic, non-irritating, nonvolatile, and nonstaining

What is the only ion used as an expectorant in cough syrup?

Iodides

What is considered the second-best expectorant after water vapor?

Iodides

What are Iodophors?

Complexes of iodine and nonionic surfactants

What are the MOAs of Iodine?

Iodination of amide in CHON and oxidation of –SH group

What is the synonym for o-hydroxyphenol?

Cathecol

What is the synonym for m-hydroxyphenol?

Resorcinol

What is the synonym for p-hydroxyphenol?

Hydroquinone

What component does the term 'Cationic Surfactant' refer to?

Quaternary ammonium component

What is the MOA of Cationic Surfactants?

Adsorption into the cell wall causing distortion (lysis)

What are the uses of Benzalkonium Chloride?

Detergent, emulsifying, and wetting agent

What substance deactivates Benzalkonium Chloride (and other cationic surfactants)?

Soaps (e.g., Sodium Lauryl Sulfate)

What is the classification of Span and Tween?

Span is w/o; Tween is o/w

What is the brand name of Methyl benzythonium Chloride?

Diaperene

Which organism causes diaper rash by liberating ammonia in urine?

Bacterium ammoniagenesis

What is Cetyl Pyridinium Chloride used for?

General antiseptic in throat lozenges and mouthwashes

Which cationic surfactant is FDA approved for Gingivitis?

Cetyl Pyridinium Chloride

What is the brand name of Chlorhexidine?

Bactidol

What are the properties of Chlorhexidine?

Not absorbed through skin/mucus membrane; does not cause systemic toxicity

What charge do Dyes (cationic) have?

Positively charged

Against which organisms are Dyes most effective?

Gram (+) bacteria and fungi

What are the synonyms for Gentian Violet?

Methyl Violet, Crystal Violet, and p-rosanilline

What are the uses for a 1% to 3% solution of Gentian Violet?

Treatment of tinea, yeast infections (Anti-candida), and orally for Helminths (Strongyloides spp.)

What is the active ingredient in Castellani’s paint?

Basic Fuchsin