Dutton final 1

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What is epistemology?

The philosophy of knowledge

What is logic?

The study of the rules of exact reasoning to distinguish valid from invalid statements

What is metaphysics?

It is "beyond the physical"

What does cosmology attempt to create?

Cosmology attempts to create a comprehensive view of reality as a whole

What is ontology?

The study of being as being

What does teleology study?

It studies the purposes of all things

What is "Ethics" the greek word for?

Customs/habits

What is metaethics?

The substantive ethic: the concept of good

What is normative ethics?

What ought to be: Ethical theories

What is descriptive ethics?

Motives, desires, and intentions

What does aestheticism consider?

What is beauty, what is art

Who is Plato's teacher and what years did he live?

Socrates (470-399 B.C.)

Who is Socrates's main student and what years did he live?

Plato (428-347 B.C.)

Who is Plato's main student and what years did he live?

Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)

Who is Saint Anselm of Canterbury (1033-1109)?

Father of scholasticism, author of Proslogion, quoted on saying "God by definition is perfect"

Who came up with the Ontological Argument and what does it state?

St. Anselm of Canterbury. God, by definition is perfect, and perfection must include the perfection of existence, therefore God must exist.

What religion were Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle?

Polytheistic

What is henotheism?

The belief in one chief God, but still many lesser ones

There are just some names to know

Augustine (354-430 C.E.) Thomas Aquinas (1223-1274) Rene Descartes (1598-1650) John Locke (1632-1704) Immanuel Kant (1734-1804) Soren Kierkegaard (1813-1855)

Why do things change?

To get better

What is teleology?

The study of purpose

According to Plato, where do ideas come from?

Ideas come from the soul

According to Plato, where does the soul develop?

It is pre-existent

What does Plato believe is the ideal, ultimate reality?

Truth

What did Plato believe everythinig in the universe is a copy of?

An idea

Was Plato an Idealist?

Yes

What does dualism look at?

The universe as 2 conflicting entities

Why is reality different from phenomenon?

Because it appears through sense experiment

Whats the difference between matter and reality?

Matter is limited in time and space, reality transcends both

What is the difference between sense experience and understanding?

Sense experience gives us relative truths, while understanding gives us absolute truths

What are the two orders of Being?

Mind and matter

What are the two orders of knowing?

Sensory knowledge and conceptional or philosophical knowledge

T or False: The sensory world of existence is in the continuous process of becoming?

True

T or False: Platonic Idealism is the opposite of Platonic realism?

False

How does Plato describe the diety?

An architect, world builder

T or False: Disordered primitive matter is ordered according to ideas?

True

Through ideas, what does chaos become?

Order

What can the soul give the body?

Beauty, order, goodness, direction, and perfection

T or False: Material objects can be perfect

False, due to the imperfection of matter

What did Plato believe occurred at death?

We return to existence in the real (ideal) world

What is self-realization?

Achieving perfection in the next life

Where does the soul belong?

The world of ideas

Where did the soul learn of ideas?

The Ideal World

How accurately can the soul recollect the great ideas?

Only dimly, vaguely

T or False: The soul will return to the world of ideas?

Yes

What is macrocosm? What is microcosm?

Universe is macrocosm, man is microcosm

What is man's moral task?

Attaining as much good as possible

What impedes attaining as much good as possible?

Evil

What is the highest virtue? What is it equivalent with?

Goodness, holiness

In Plato's later writings, what does good become equivalent with?

Justice

What is the reward from the diety for goodness?

Perfect happiness

What causes evil?

Our failure to live up to responsability

What are some examples of sensual desires?

Sexual desire, imitation of pure love, physical

What are some examples of sensuous pleasures?

Admiration of beauty, aesthetic or artistic experience

What type of activity does Plato consider politics?

A moral activity

How is justice defined as?

Harmony within society and within indivisuals

What are the 3 divisions of the soul?

Intellectual, Spirited, Inferior

What is the Intellectual Division?

Found only in man, it is pre-existing, situated in the brain

What is the Spirited Divison?

Found in man and "nobler" animals, Irascibility, aggressive, feisty, situated in the heart

What is the Inferior Division?

Our appetite (not necessarily just hunger), situated in the liver

What virtue does each division of the soul consist of?

Intellectual, wisdom Spirited-wisdom Appetite-moderation

T or False: The degree of each virtue varies from person to person

True

T or False: Nature is not aristocratic

True because it explains varying degrees of virtue

T or False: The Masses are not capable of true philosophical understanding?

True

If you are most virtuous in the Intellectual division, what social class would you fall into?

Guardians, men of wisdom, philosophical

If you are most virtuous in the Spirited Division, what social class would you fall into?

Warriors, men of courage, duty

If you are most virtuous in the Appetite Division, what social class would you fall into?

The masses who obey and show self control

When working together, what do these social classes produce?

Justice

What does education focus on years 0-2?

Care of the body

What does education focus on years 3-6?

Narration of myths, religion

What does education focus on years 7-10?

Gymnastics

What does education focus on years 10-13?

Reading and writing

What does education focus on years 14-16?

Poetry and music

What does education focus on years 16-18?

Math

What does education focus on years 18-20?

Military drill

After education at 20 years old, where do the valorous join and who stays in school?

The valorous join the warrior class and the guardians stay in school to learn philosophy

What is the ideal state governed by?

A philosophical king

What did Plato consider the ideal governemtn?

A monarchy or aristocracy governed by men who are both good and wise

Did Plato believe in selective breeding?

Yes

What is timocracy?

The highest ranking government of Plato, and rule by someone who people wish to honor

What is an oligarchy?

Rule by the wealthy, Pluto's second highest ranking government

What is a democracy?

By the masses, promotes freedom, equality, establishment of classes, Pluto's third ranking government

What is tyranny?

One who rules for unjust and selfish reasoning, Pluto's lowest ranking government

According to Von Hildebrand, why are things important?

Because they are either subjectively satisfying, objectively good for us, or good in themselves

What is an absolute value?

An unchanging, universal value

What is a relative value?

A value that changes from culture to culture/person to person

What is ethics a part of?

Philosophy

What does Philosophy mean?

love of wisom

What is objectivisim?

The approach that holds the reality/truth/meaning is independent of the knower and therefore the same for all

What is subjectivism?

the approach that holds reality/truth/meaning is dependent of the knower and therefore unique to that person

What is solipsism?

The theory that the self is the only thing to exist

What is rationalism?

The view that reason is the chief source and test of knowledge/the criterion of the truth is not sensory but intellectual and deductive.

What is empiricism?

The view that knowledge comes only or primarily from sensory experience

What is Scholasticism?

A method of learning that places strong emphasis on dialectal reasoning to extend knowledge by inference and to resole contradictions

Who are some leading scholastics?

Bonaventure, Thomas Acquinas

Who branch of philosophy is named after Thomas Acquinas?

Thomism

What is skepticism?

The questing of all assumptions until they are confirmed

Who are some leading skeptics?

Thomas Hobbes, David Hume

What is existentialism?

A philosophy that emphasizes the role of the individual in giving meaning to life and living it passionately and sincerely

Who are some leading existentialists?

Soren Kierkegaard (Father of it), Friedrich Nietzsche, Jean-Paul Sarte