bio 2 practiscl 3 dirst half

Phylum Chordata

What four characteristics are shared by all chordates and what are their functions ?

Notochord

• Muscle attachment

Hollow dorsal nerve cord

• Nerve signal transmission

Pharyngeal slits

• Various functions

Post-anal tail

• Movement

what are three subphyla included in phylum chordata?

Urochordata

Cephalochordata

Vertebrata

When did chordates appear in fossil record

Cambrian period 550 Mya

Subphylum Urochordata

What are the chordates characteristics found in the adults of this subphylum

Tunicate larva have all four chordate

characteristics, but only the pharyngeal slits are retained in the adult

form

Subphylum urochordata

What are they considered the closest relative to

Vertebrates

Subphylum Urochordata

What habitat are tunicates found and what diet?

Benthic marine and omnivorous/ filter feeding on plankton

Subphylum cephalochordata

What are chordate characteristics found in the adults in this subphylum

all four chordate

characteristics as an adult.

Subphylum cephalochordata

What is unique abt the way lancelets breath

Through their skin

Subphylum cephalochordata

Where are lancelets found geographically and what habitat

Shallow temperate and tropical seas worldwide. Benthic

subphylum cephalochordata

What type of diet do lancelets have?

Omnivorous diet. Filter feeding on

planktonic plants and animals

Subphylum Vertebrata

What are the chordates characteristics found in adults of this subphylum

all four

chordate characteristics as an adult with some

modifications.

Subphylum Vertebrata

What type of life style do they demonstrate

Free living animals

Subphylum Vertebrata

When did vertebrates diverge from other chordates

500 Mya Cambrian

what is a fish

aquatic chordates with appendages

developed as fins (when present), whose chief

respiratory organ are gills and whose body is

usually covered in scales.

What are the four major groups of fish

Jawless fish

Cartilaginous Fish

Lobe-finned Fish

Ray-finned Fish

what are the four types of fish scales and what groups typically have each kind of scale

Jawless fish lack scales,

cartilaginous fish have placoid

scales, lobe-finned fish have

ganoid scales and ray-finned fish

have ctenoid and cycloid scales.

How do fish scales differ from reptile scales

dermal

tissue, which separates them from

reptile scales that are derived from

the epidermal tissue.

fish reproduction

Ovuliparity

female lays unfertilized eggs,

which are externally fertilized by the male

• Most bony fish

Fish reproduction

Oviparity

the mother deposits internally

fertilized eggs that develop and hatch

outside of mother’s body

• Some bony fish and some sharks

Fish reproduction

Ovoviviparity

internally fertilized eggs are

retained in oviduct, and develop without

any nourishment from the mother.

• Few sharks

Fish reproduction

Viviparity

: young develop in mother’s

uterus and are nourished by the mother

before being born (live birth)

• Some sharks and some bony fish

Superclass Agnatha - Hagfish

What do all fish in this superclass lack

scales, jaws and paired

appendages.

Superclass Agnatha - Hagfish

How do they differ from lampreys

lack true eyes and a

stomach, and have characteristic barbels

around their mouths

Superclass Agnatha - Hagfish

What do hagfish produce

secrete large quantities of slime or

mucus when attacked.

Superclass Agnatha - Hagfish

What can they do to their bodies and what is the function of this behavior

Hagfish will often tie

themselves in a knot to help release the slime

or to provide leverage when feeding.

Superclass Agnatha - Hagfish

Where are they found geographically and habitat

Temperate ocean waters

worldwide

Habitat

– Benthic deep sea

Superclass Agnatha - Hagfish

What type of feeding behavior is found in hagfish and how do they find their prey

They are benthic

scavengers that find their prey using their sense

of smell.

Superclass Agnatha - Lamprey

What are lamprey larvae called? Where are they found and how do they obtain food

ammocoetes, found in burrows in

freshwater rivers and streams, where they

obtain food by filter feeding.

Superclass Agnatha - Lamprey

What happens to the lamprey larva during metamorphosis

metamorphosis where the

entire digestive system must be restructured.

Superclass Agnatha - Lamprey

Where do they live and spawn?

What term is for this type of lifestyle?

ocean and migrate up fresh water rivers to spawn (anadromous). Ammocoetes are found

in freshwater rivers and streams.

Superclass Agnatha - Lamprey

What type of feeding behavior is found in some adult lamprey species and how does it differ from feeding strategies of their larvae

Some adult lampreys are parasitic and

feed by attaching their mouth to a fish,

secreting an anticoagulant into the host, and

feeding on the blood and tissues of the host.

Ammocoetes are filter feeders.

Superclass Gnathostomata

What characteristics do the organisms within this superclass have

jawed vertebrates.

Superclass Gnathostomata

What did the jaws likely develop from

skeletal supports of the pharyngeal slits

which were used in filter feeding.

Superclass Gnathostomata

What did the development of jaws allow for? How was the significant to vertebrate evolution

utilization of different food types, which

facilitated the radiation and diversification of vertebrates.

Class Chondrichthyes

What if the Chondrichthyan skeleton made of? Is it primitive characteristic

lack true bone and have a skeleton made of cartilage,

which is not a primitive characteristic.

Class Chondrichthyes

What other characteristics are found in chrondrichthyans

Chondricthyans

have tough skin covered with placoid scales, large,

buoyant livers and spiral valve intestines.

Class Chondrichthyes

What is the name of the specialized sensory organ found in many chondrichthyans? What does it sense

Ampullae of Lorenzini, which helps them sense the

electrical fields given off by their prey.

Class Chondrichthyes

How do u tell between make and female

Male and female

Chondrichthyans can be easily distinguished by the

presence or absence of claspers. Only male sharks have

claspers, which are extensions of the pelvic fins used to

transfer sperm during internal fertilization.

Class Chondrichthyes

What are the two subclasses found in this class? What are their characteristics

Elasmobranchii (sharks, skates, and rays) have 5-7 gill

openings, a ridged dorsal fin and an upper jaw free from

skull

• Holocehphali (chimeras) have a gill cover over a single gill

opening, a spine in front of soft dorsal fin, and an upper

jaw fused to their skull

order Lamniformes - great white shark

How big do great white get

up to 20 feet and can weigh up to

4200 lbs.

order Lamniformes - great white shark

What type of reproduction do great white shark have

. Female great whites are

ovoviviparous.

order Lamniformes - great white shark

In the last 100 yrs more ppl have been killed in the U.S. by what animal over this shark

Dogs

order Lamniformes - great white shark

Where are they found geographically and what is name of zone where enough light penetrates to sustain photosynthesis

Worldwide, epipelagic zone

order Lamniformes - great white shark

What diet do they have

Carnivorous

Order Carcharhiniformes - Ground Sharks

How big do hammerhead sharks get

18 feet and can weigh

up to 1000 lbs.

Order Carcharhiniformes - Ground Sharks

Type of reproduction do hammerhead sharks have

Female hammerheads are

viviparous.

Order Carcharhiniformes - Ground Sharks

What does the hammer head do for the animal and how many more times effective is it than other sharks

spread their receptors across a

larger area making them 10 times more likely

to detect prey.

Order Carcharhiniformes - Ground Sharks

Where are hammerhead sharks found and diet

tropical and subtropical waters worldwide

Carnivorous

Order Carcharhiniformes - Ground Sharks

How big do leopard sharks get

6.5 feet and can weigh up to

40 lbs.

Order Carcharhiniformes - Ground Sharks

How do they differ from their close relatives? How might this benefit leopard sharks

more red blood cells when compared to

other close relatives, which may allow them

to process more oxygen in oxygen-poor

estuarine environments.

Order Carcharhiniformes - Ground Sharks

Leopard shark

Where are they geographically found? What habitat

Pacific coast from Oregon to

Baja California

In bays and estuaries

Order Carcharhiniformes - Ground Sharks

Diet of leopard sharks

Carnivores

Order Orectolobiniformes - Whale shark

How big do they get

40 feet and can weigh up to 47,000 pounds.

Order Orectolobiniformes - Whale shark

What type of reproduction strat do they have

ovoviviparous and have

been found with more than 300 pups.

Order Orectolobiniformes - Whale shark

How much water can they filter in an hr?

600 cubic meters (160,000 gallons) of

water an hour.

Order Orectolobiniformes - Whale shark

Where are they geographically found and diet

all tropical and

warm-temperate oceans throughout the

world.

Omnivores/ plankton

Order Rajiformes -Skates

How big do skates get?

2.4 meters in length (~8ft)

Order rajiformes - skates

What type of reproduction do they have? What are their eggs often called

Oviparous and produce eggs encased in a hard shell called mermaids purse

Order rajiformes - skates

Where are skates geographically found and habitat

Worldwide in coastal bay, estuaries, and along the continental shelf

Order rajiformes- skates

Diet

Carnivorous

Myliobatiformes -Rays

Round rays

What adaptations do they have to protect themselves from predators

Venomous sting on their tail with rear facing barb

Myliobatiformes-Rays

Round rays

What are stingrays found geographically and habitat

Subtropical marine waters and coastal soft bottoms including bays and estuaries

Myliobatiformes-Rays

Round rays

What diet

Carnivorous diet

Myliobatiformes - Rays

bat ray

How big do they get

6ft and weigh over 200 lbs

Myliobatiformes - Rays

Bat ray

What are bat rays considered? What does this term mean

euryhaline bc they can withstand a wide range of salinities

Myliobatiformes- rays

Bat ray

Where are geographically found and habitat

Oregon down to the Gulf of California

In coastal sandy bottoms in bays and estuaries

Myliobatiformes- rays

Bat ray

Type of diet and what adaptation do they have to eat their mollusk and crustacean prey

Carnivorous and they have rows of flat teeth perfect for crushing and grinding their prey

Myliobatiformes- rays

Manta ray

How big do manta ray get

7.6m abt 25ft

Myliobatiformes- rays

Manta ray

What did they like evolve from and how do they feed

Bottom feeding rats and adapted to become filter feeders

Myliobatiformes- rays

Manta ray

Where are they geographically found and what type of habitat are they found in

Tropical and subtropical waters worldwide and pelagic open ocean

Myliobatiformes- rays

Manta ray

What type of diet do they have

Omnivores

Rhinopristiformes - Rays

Shovelnose guitarfish

What adaptations do skates and rats have that allow them to breathe while buried in sand

They have holes behind their eyes called spiracles that they use to take in water for respiration while buried in sand

Rhinopristiformes - Rays

Shovelnose guitarfish

How are guitarfish different from other rays

They swim with their shark tail tail

Rhinopristiformes - Rays

Shovelnose guitarfish

Where are guitarfish geographically found and habitat

Tropical and temperate marine waters worldwide

In coastal soft bottoms including bays and estuaries

Rhinopristiformes - Rays

Shovelnose guitarfish

Diet

Carnivorous diet

Rhinopristiformes - Rays

Sawfish

Pg 23

Order chimaeriformes Chimaeras

Common name

Ratfish

Order chimaeriformes Chimaeras

How do chimaeras differ from sharks skates and rays

Upper jaw fused with skull

Separate anal and urogenital openings

Lack many sharp and replaceable teeth instead have grinding tooth plates

Order chimaeriformes Chimaeras

Found where

Temperate oceans worldwide

Order chimaeriformes Chimaeras

Diet

Carnivorous

Osteichthyes Bony fish

Skeleton made of

True bone

Osteichthyes Bony fish

Type of scales

Ganoid

Cycloid

Cyenoid

Osteichthyes Bony fish

Two other adaptations

Operculum go breathe without swimming

Swim bladder for balance

Osteichthyes Bony fish

Two classes this group has been divided to and characteristics

Sacropterygii - lobe finned fish

Actinopterygii- ray finned fish

Class Sarcopterygii

Species coelacanth

What unique abt their fins

tail that’s divided in three lobes

Class Sarcopterygii

Species coelacanth

Specialized adaptation that helps them detect prey

Electro receptive device called rostral organ

Class Sarcopterygii

Species coelacanth

Where found and habitat

Indonesia and South Africa

Rocky bottom

Class Sarcopterygii

Species coelacanth Diet

Carnivorous

Class Sarcopterygii

Species lungfish

what best known for

Ability to breathe air using a lung that is homologous to tetrapods

Class Sarcopterygii

Species lungfish

Adaption to help them survive desiccation

Burrowing into mud and estivating through dry season

Class Sarcopterygii

Species lungfish

Where found and habitat

Africa South America and Australia

Freshwater River and lake

Class Sarcopterygii

Species lungfish

Diet

Omnivores

Class Actinopterygii

Species sturgeon

Sturgeon and paddlefish are most primitive members of what

Ray-finned fish

Class Actinopterygii

Species Sturgeon

What Characteristics do they share with chrondrichtyans

Cartilaginous skeleton

Spiral valve intestine

No scales or heterocercal caudal fin

Class Actinopterygii

Species Sturgeon

Why some species threaten

Overexploitation Of their eggs for caviar

Class Actinopterygii

Species Sturgeon

Where found

Temperate water in North America and Europe

Class Actinopterygii

Species Sturgeon

What lifestyle do they have

Anadromous

Class Actinopterygii

Species Sturgeon

Diet

Carnivorous

Class Actinopterygii

Species Paddle fish

How many species of paddlefish are there

Two extant species

American paddlefish and Chinese paddlefish

Class Actinopterygii

Species Paddlefish

What elongated bill called what does it contain and use for

Rostrum contains electro receptors

Detects electric fields given off by prey in water