Chemistry - Bonding II

Electronegativity trend

Fluorine is the most electronegative element, and electronegativity increases moving toward fluorine.

Polar Covalent Bond

Electrons shared unequally between atoms, leading to a partial negative charge on the more electronegative atom.

Non-Polar Covalent Bond

Electrons shared equally between atoms that are close together on the Periodic Table.

Ionic Bond

Electrons transferred between atoms that are far apart on the periodic table.

Molecule polarity

Determined by evaluating the symmetry and arrangement of all bonds in a molecule.

Dipole-Dipole Forces

Intermolecular forces that occur between polar molecules, where partially positive and negative charges attract.

Hydrogen Bonding

The strongest type of intermolecular force occurring between polar molecules where hydrogen is bonded to N, O, or F.

“Like dissolves like”

Polar substances dissolve in polar solvents, and nonpolar substances dissolve in nonpolar solvents.

Intermolecular Force

Bond within a molecule- holds atoms together- i.e. a covalent bond

London Dispersion Forces (LDF)

The weakest intermolecular force, occurring between nonpolar molecules.

Bond Length

The distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms; decreases with increasing bond order (single > double > triple).

VSEPR Theory

A model used to predict the geometry of individual molecules based on the repulsion between electron pairs.

Electron Domain Geometry

The arrangement of all electron pairs around a central atom, including bonding and lone pairs.

Long bond length

Typically found in single bonds, which are longer than double or triple bonds.

Nonpolar Molecular Shape

Occurs when identical atoms are attached to a central atom, resulting in symmetry.

Polar Molecular Shape

Occurs when there are different atoms attached to the central atom, leading to asymmetry.

Atomic Mass and IMF

When intermolecular forces are the same type, greater atomic mass leads to stronger intermolecular forces.

Intramolecular forces

Force between two neighboring molecules which is much weaker

Always polar

H-Bond and D-D

Which bond has the highest boiling point

Ionic bonds have the highest boiling point, then hydrogen bonds then Dipole Dipole. LDF has the lowest boiling point because boiling point increases as the bond gets stronger.

A covalent bond

Intramolecular

intermolecular forces

Electrons shares between two atoms, broken during vaporization, broken and formed during chemical reactions