Anatomy & Physiology: Lymphatic System
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64 Terms
What is a pathogen?
A disease-causing substance or organism that makes you sick, such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, protists, or toxins.
What is a virus?
A non-cellular, non-living pathogen that can only reproduce inside a host cell.
What is a bacteriophage?
A virus that infects bacterial cells.
What is a capsid?
The protein coat that surrounds viral DNA or RNA.
What are the two viral replication cycles?
The lytic cycle and the lysogenic cycle.
What happens in the lytic cycle?
The virus enters the cell, replicates many times, and bursts out, destroying the host cell.
What happens in the lysogenic cycle?
Viral DNA inserts into host DNA and may remain inactive until triggered to enter the lytic cycle.
What diseases can bacteria cause?
Ear infections, food poisoning, and strep throat.
What diseases can fungi cause?
Athlete’s foot and ringworm.
What diseases can protists cause?
Malaria and African sleeping sickness.
What cells does HIV target?
CD4 cells, especially helper T cells.
When is HIV considered AIDS?
When the CD4 count drops below 200.
How is HIV transmitted?
Sexual contact, infected blood, shared needles, mother to fetus, and rarely infected tissues or organs.
What is ART?
Antiretroviral therapy that blocks HIV replication and attachment.
What is PrEP?
Pre-exposure prophylaxis used before possible HIV exposure.
What is PEP?
Post-exposure prophylaxis taken for 28 days after possible HIV exposure.
What receptor does SARS-CoV-2 use?
The ACE2 receptor.
What kind of genetic material does SARS-CoV-2 have?
RNA.
What are common COVID-19 antivirals?
Paxlovid, Molnupiravir, and Remdesivir.
What are the main organs of the lymphatic system?
Red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, adenoids, and Peyer’s patches.
What are the three main functions of the lymphatic system?
Draining excess fluid, transporting lipids and vitamins, and supporting immune responses.
What is innate immunity?
Nonspecific immediate defense against pathogens.
What is adaptive immunity?
Specific immunity with memory involving B cells and T cells.
Which white blood cells increase during bacterial infection?
Neutrophils.
Which white blood cells increase during viral infection?
Lymphocytes.
Which white blood cells become macrophages?
Monocytes.
Which white blood cells increase with parasites or allergies?
Eosinophils.
Which white blood cells release histamine?
Basophils.
What is the first line of defense?
Skin, mucous membranes, tears, saliva, urine, sebum, and stomach acid.
What is the second line of defense?
Inflammation, fever, antimicrobial proteins, NK cells, and phagocytes.
What do interferons do?
They protect nearby cells by interfering with viral replication.
What do complement proteins do?
They attract phagocytes, enhance phagocytosis, and stimulate inflammation.
What do natural killer cells do?
They kill virus-infected and tumor cells.
What do phagocytes do?
They engulf and digest microbes.
What are the four signs of inflammation?
Redness, heat, swelling, and pain.
How does fever help the body?
It slows bacterial growth, boosts interferons, and speeds tissue repair.
What is an antigen?
A foreign molecule that triggers an immune response.
What is an epitope?
The specific small part of an antigen recognized by immune cells.
Where is MHC-I found?
On all body cells except red blood cells.
Where is MHC-II found?
On antigen-presenting cells such as macrophages, B cells, and dendritic cells.
What are antigen-presenting cells?
Macrophages, B cells, and dendritic cells that display antigens on MHC-II.
What are helper T cells?
CD4 cells that activate B cells and cytotoxic T cells using interleukin-2.
What are cytotoxic T cells?
CD8 cells that kill infected, tumor, and transplanted cells.
What is cell-mediated immunity?
Immunity carried out by cytotoxic T cells.
What is antibody-mediated immunity?
Immunity carried out by B cells and antibodies.
What do plasma cells do?
They produce large amounts of antibodies.
What do memory cells do?
They provide a faster response during second exposure.
What is an antibody?
A protein that binds specifically to an antigen.
Which antibody is most abundant?
IgG.
Which antibody is found in saliva, tears, and mucous membranes?
IgA.
Which antibody is produced first in a new infection?
IgM.
Which antibody is involved in allergies?
IgE.
What does IgD help with?
B cell activation.
What is neutralization?
Antibodies block toxins or stop pathogens from attaching.
What is agglutination?
Antibodies cause pathogens to clump together.
What is ELISA used for?
Detecting antibodies, antigens, proteins, and glycoproteins.
What is a rapid antigen test?
A lateral flow test that quickly detects infection.
What is a vaccine?
A biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity.
What is the primary immune response?
The first immune response after exposure.
What is the secondary immune response?
A faster, stronger response during second exposure.
What is a Type I allergy?
An immediate IgE-mediated allergic reaction.
What is a Type IV allergy?
A delayed T-cell-mediated allergic reaction.
What is immunological surveillance?
The immune system finding and destroying cancer cells.
How does aging affect immunity?
T and B cells respond less effectively, antibody production slows, and vaccine response decreases.