Blood heart lymphatic and human defence system

4 components of blood and ph of blood

plasma red blood cells white blood cells platelets. 7.4

plasma

golden, liquid part of bloodd makes up 55% made up of 90% water 7% protein and 3% dissolved materials

types of plasma proteins

antibodies and clotting proteins

function plasma

transports materials(glucose amino acids co2 urea) and heat

serum

plasma which has the clotting proteins removed. used in injections

red blood cells(erythrocytes)

red bone marrow contains haomogoblin lack nucleus mitochondria. live for 120 days flexible membane. dead ones broken down in liver spleen to produce bile

red blood cell shape

biconcave in shape. larger surface area to exhange more oxygen and have flexible membrane helps with narrow capillaries

oxyhaemoglobin

when haemogoblin joins with oxygen in the lungs

when does oxyhaemoglobin converts back to haemoglobin

when cell usex oxygen

where does urea and co2 come from

when lvier breaks down amino acids and from glucose from when it is broken down during respiration

what transportx oxygen

haemoglobin in red blood cell

white blood cells(leuocytes)

larger then red. ne defenite shape live few days have a nucleus made in red bone marrow

red to white blood cells ratio

700:1

white blood cell function and how

fight infections. phagocytes engulf harmful bacteria and digest them. lymphocytes produce antibodies.

2 types white blood cells

phagocytes lymphocytes

phagocytes

digest other particles by surrounding them. made in bone marrow. kidney shaped nucleus

macrophages

large phagocytes

lymphocytes(white cell)

made bone marrow mature lymphatic system. stored lymph nodes round nucleus make antibodies

what do antibodies inactivate

antigens(foreign molecules)

platelets

made in red bone marrow clot blood to reduce blood loss prevent entry microorganisms

haemophilliacs and thrombosis

unable to clot blood and clotting of blood from damaged blood vessel result strokes heart attacks

blood groups

kaarl landsteiner A/B/AB/O

why is it important to know someones blood type

blood group must match person receiving or blood may clump

rhesus factor

rhesus negative blood can be given to rhesus positive but not the other way round

two types circulatory system

open closed

open circulatory system

blood leaves vessels returns bac to heart through blood vessels

closed

blood remains continous system of blood vessels any substances in blood are exchanged with the cells by diffusion

open closed more efficent

closed because more blood can be pumped around body faster

arteries

carry blood Away from heart

what are small arteries called

arterioles

veins

carry blood to the heart

small veins

venules

capillaries

small vessels that connexct arteries ands veins together. very thin walls permable allows exchange oxygen water co2 between blood and body cells

inelastic protein(collagen)

prevents walls from over expansion

involuntary muscle fibres elastic fibres

alter size of vessel

endothelium

inner linning of the lumen

veins artery difference

veins thin walls low pressure blood large lumen valves present arteries thick walls small lumen high pressure blood

blood pressure and how does blood flow through veins

force the blood against wall of artery. physical activity squeeze vein pushing blood around

the heart location made from etc

between two lungs above diaphragm in thoracic cavity made cardiac muscle surrounded by double membrane called pericardium

pericardial fluid

reduces friction when the heart moves

what vein behaves differently that it carries little co2 high oxygen

pulmonorary vein as it is returning oxygenated blood to heart from lungs

what artery behaves differently in that it carries little oxtgen high level co2

pulmonary artery as it carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs from the ehart

Atria

two upper champers heart.have thin walls as they only pump blood to ventricles

ventricles

right pumps blood to lungs(thinner wall) left pumps blood to head and lower body(thicker wall)

what are ventricles held by and what seperates the atrium

tendons and valves

valves function and three types

prevent the back flow of blood into the heart. tricuspid bicuspid and semi lunar valves

tricuspid valve

three flaps right side heart between right atrium and right ventricle

bicuspid valve

two flaps left side heart between left atrium and left ventricle

semi lunar valves

in base of the aorta and base of pulmonary artery allows blood to flow out heart into aorta and pulmonery arteries

deoxygenated blood and path

low oygen enters heart vena cava. enters right atrium contracts forces blood right ventricle. right ventricle contract triscupid valve close. enters lung through pulmonary artery

oxygenated blood and path

enters heart through pulmonary vein from lungs. left atrium contracts forces into left ventricle. left ventricle contracts biscupid valve closes. allows blood pumped through aorta. semi lunar valve close

LORD

left oxygenated right deoxygenated

why do semi lunar valves close in oxygenated blood

blood cannot flow back into heart

double circulation

heart seperated into two sections by septum. seperates deoxygenated and oxygenated blood. pulmonary and systemic circuit.

pulmonary circuit

heart lungs back to heart. circuit is short right ventricle pumps blood through this circuit. blood gains oxygen and removes co2 in lungs by diffusion

systemic circuit

heart body to heart so thicker. left ventricle pums oxygenated blood to head arm lengs

name a vein that carries blood low in metabolic wast

renal vein

name a vein that carrios blood between intenstine and liver and begins and ends with capillaries

hepatic portal vein

name vein that carries blood rich in urea out of liver

hepatic vein

name vein carries blood rich in oxygen

pulmonary vein

name an artery that carries blood into kindye

renal artery

name artery that carries blood into liver and name an artery that the hepatic artery and renal artery arise from

hepatic artery and aorta

how does smoking affect circ system

nicotine increases heart rate or blood pressure carbon monoxide reduces level oxygen blood makes heart work father

how does exercise affect circ system

aerobic exercise like running cause muscle to become stronger so it has to do less work. helps weight loss and speeds up oxygen intake

diet impact heart

high salt intake cause high blood pressure. food high in cholestorol increases chance of blockages in blood vessels

how is the heartbeat controlled(steps heartbeat)

SA Node release elecrical impulse cause atria contract. these electrical impulse stiumlate the AV node). av node sends eletrical impulse down muscle septum causing ventracles to contract

SA NODE AV NODE names locations

sino atrial and atrio ventricular node. SA located in wall right atrium and AV on the septum between right atrium and right ventricle

diastole and systole

heart muscles relax when heart muscles contract.

stage 1 heartbeat

both atrium and ventricles relax blood enters atria all valves close

blood supply heart

oxygenated blood is supplied by coronary arteries(located front surface heart)

coronary vein

removes deoxygenated blood from muscle heart. returned directly to the right atrium

pulse

expansion and contraction of arteries. avg pulse rate per minute is 72

lymphatic system what is it whats composed of

second circulatory system one way composed lymph nodes and lymph vessels. tonsils spleen thymus gland

what are lymph nodes

swellings lymph vessels. found in clusters in tonsils neck armpit spleen groin. contain large amount lymphocytes

how do lymph nodes fight infection

nodes filter bacteria contain large amount lymphocytes

how does tissue/lymph fluid form

arteries contain blood higher pressure then veins. this forces out fluid and small proteins out of blood(tissue fluid) tissue fluid surrounds cells.

how does tissue fluiid differ from plasma

doesn’t have platelets or red blood cells or clotting proteins

how is tissue fluid removed

10% of tissue fluid enters lymph vessels and 90% returned back nto plasma in capillaries(osmosis)

what does lymph fluid contain an tissue d rate formation tissue fluid

white blood cell protein higher level of fats. 1 litre per hour

how is lymph moved slowly through the lymph vessels

physical activity pressing vessels and valves

what do valves do lymphatic system

ensure that lymph fluid only flows in one direction towards shoulder resion

two main lymph vessels

thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct.

functions lymphatic system

absorb and transport fats. collect tissue fluid return it to blood. defend body against infections.

stage 2 heartbeat(cardiac cycle)

electric impulse from SA Node cause both atrium to contract. triscupid and biscupid valve open allow blood into ventricles semi lunar still closed

step 3 cardiac cycle

electric impulse from AV node cause both ventricles to contract. semi lunar open which pushes blood out through aorta and pulmonary artery. triscupid biscupid valve close

when are biscupid and triscupid valves opened and when are semi lunar valves opened

atrial systole and ventricular systol