AP World Unit 3

Absolute Monarchy/Absolutism

Type of government stressing Divine Right and total control by a king.

Akbar

Mughal Emperor known for his tolerance, achievements, and socio-political reforms.

Anglican Church

The Protestant Church created by King Henry VIII in England.

Anne Boleyn

2nd wife of King Henry VIII.

Askia the Great

An emperor, military commander, and political reformer of the Songhai Empire, successor of Sunni Ali.

Boyars

Nobles/upper class of medieval Russian society and state administration.

Cardinal Richelieu

A French clergyman, nobleman, and statesman, serving as King Louis XIII's Chief Minister from 1624.

Castes

Also called jatis, strict social grouping designated at birth for Hindus.

Catherine the Great

German queen who ruled Russia absolutely after her husband died and doubled its size due to her military knowledge.

Counter Reformation

The Catholic attempt to fix their own problems and combat Protestant Reformation.

Charles I

King of England who was legally tried and executed for treason.

Charles V

Emperor of Spain, New Spain, Austria, Holy Roman Empire, and Burgundy.

Cossacks

Peasants recruited to migrate to newly seized lands in Russia and who combined agriculture with military conquests.

Council of Trent (1545-1563)

Corrected some of the worst of the Catholic church's abuses and focused on reaffirming rituals such as marriage.

Czar

The Russian word for Emperor (Caesar).

Daimyo

A powerful noble in early modern Japan.

Devshirme

In the Ottoman Empire, a system of training/forcibly recruiting talented Christian boys to be administrators or members of the sultan's harem. Converted them to Islam. System of forced labor.

Divine Right of Kings

The idea pushing Absolutism which says that God chose a specific king to rule.

Edo

A time in Japanese history 1603-1868 characterized by peace, stability, and isolation under the Tokugawa shogunate. Edo the city becomes Tokyo.

Emperor Kangxi

Emperor of Qing dynasty, greatly expanded China's borders.

Emperor Qianlong

Emperor who reigned from 1736-1795. He was approached by Lord Macartney about liberalizing the trade restrictions but turned down the offer claiming that Europe had nothing to offer China.

Empiricism

The view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation.

English Bill of Rights

English document which creates a separation of powers by using Parliament to limit the Monarch and grant more basic rights to the Middle Classes.

Ghazi

Muslim religious warriors.

Grand Vizier

The chief minister in the Ottoman Empire, under the Great Sultan.

Gunpowder Empires

The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires which relied heavily on gunpowder and firearms.

Gutenberg Printing Press

Allowed books to be printed instead of hand written and increased literacy.

Henry VIII

King of England who created the Anglican Church so he could get a divorce from his wife and find another woman who could provide him with an heir.

Heresy

An idea or belief that goes against accepted Christian belief.

Indulgences

Piece of paper someone could buy to be forgiven of sins.

Infidel

Someone who does not believe the way someone else does; one of no faith.

Inquisitions

Tribunals for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy.

Intendants

Royal officials in France sent out to provinces to execute orders of the central government.

Isfahan

Capital city of Iran during the Safavid Empire under Shah Abbas I in 1598.

Ismail

Early Safavid military hero who conquered most of Persia and pushed into Iraq.

Istanbul

New name given to Constantinople when the Ottoman Empire conquered it.

Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible)

Absolute king Russia who first used the term "Czar" and had two distinct periods of rule.

Janissaries

An elite core of eight thousand troops personally loyal to the sultan of the Ottoman Empire. Most talented of the boys in the Devshirme system.

Jesuits

Religious order founded in 1540 that opposed the spread of Protestantism.

John Calvin

The founder of the Calvinist Church in Geneva Switzerland.

Jizya

Tax levied by Islamic states on certain non-Muslim subjects (dhimmis) who were permanently residing in Muslim lands under Islamic law.

Justices of the Peace

Officials selected by the landed gentry to maintain peace in the countries of England and carry out the monarch's laws.

Limited Monarchy

Government in which a King rules with a Parliament who limits his power.

Louis XIV

French king who is considered to be the best example of Absolutism due to how much control he had over his kingdom.

Manchuria

A region of northeast China and the home of the Manchus who ruled China from 1644-1912.

Manchus

Ethnic minority in China and the people from whom Manchuria derives its name.

Martin Luther

German monk who began Protestant Reformation with his written work, 95 Theses.

Mehmet II

Ruler of the Ottoman Empire from 1451 who wanted to capture Constantinople and topple the Byzantine Empire.

Mughal Empire

Muslim empire ruling India from the 16th-18th centuries.

95 Theses

The list of grievances written by Martin Luther, which began the Reformation.

Ottoman Empire

Turkish empire in the Middle East and North Africa from 1453-1918.

Peace of Augsburg

Each German state could choose whether its ruler would be Catholic or Lutheran.

Peace of Westphalia

Allowed each area of the Holy Roman Empire to select one of three religious options: Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism, or Calvinism.

Peter the Great

Russian czar who built St. Petersburg and westernized Russia.

Philip II

Took over Spain in 1555 from his father Charles V.

Protestant Reformation

Religious movement when people broke away from the Catholic Church.

Predestination

The idea that God chose in advance who would be saved and who would not.

Qing Dynasty

Chinese dynasty lasting from 1644 to 1911.

Safavid Empire

Muslim Empire in Persia from 1501-1722.

Serfs

Peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system of feudalism.

Shah

The title a king takes in the Safavid Empire.

Shah Abbas I

Ruler of the Safavid Empire from 1588-1629 during its height.

Sharia

A strict Islamic legal system that deals with all aspects of life, such as criminal justice, martial laws, and inheritance.

Sunni

The majority of muslims; believe that the succession of Muhammed should be determined based on community consensus.

Shi'a

Minority of muslims; believe successor of Muhammed should be a blood relative.

Sikhism

Developed from Hinduism and may have been influenced by the Islamic mysticism known as Sufism.

Simony

Buying or selling of something spiritual or closely connected with the spiritual.

Spanish Inquisition

Organized in 1478 by Fernando and Isabel of Spain to hunt out heretical or contrary opinions from Protestants, Jews, and Muslims.

Spanish Armada

A fleet of ships created in 1588 on commission from King Philip II of Spain. King Philip II was the Habsburg ruler of Spain during the late sixteenth century. The purpose of the Armada was to invade England and conquer it.

Suleiman the Magnificent

Tenth and longest-reigning sultan of the Ottoman Empire.

Sultan

The title a king takes in the Ottoman Empire.

Sunni Ali

King of the Songhai Empire in sub-Saharan Africa that controlled Timbuktu in the 15th century.

Taj Mahal

Located in Agra, India, this structure was commissioned in 1632 by the Mughal emperor, Shah Jahan, to house the tomb of his favorite wife.

Tamerlame

Timur the Lame, a Mongol Turkic ruler who invaded Central Asia and the Middle East setting the stage for the rise of the Turkic Empires.

Tax Farmers

Process in which the highest bidder was granted permission to collect the taxes and then pay a portion to the government.

Thirty Years' War

War between Catholics and Protestants in and around the Holy Roman Empire.

Tokugawa Ieyasu

The founder and first shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan, which effectively ruled Japan from the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 until the Meiji Restoration in 1868.

Versailles

The palace of French King Louis XIV.

Zamindars

Indian tax collectors who were assigned land from which they kept part of the revenue.

Zheng He

A Chinese mariner, explorer, diplomat, fled admiral, and court eunuch during China's early Ming dynasty.