functional anatomy midterm

what 3 bones make up the pelvis

ilium, ischium, pubis (innominate bones)

are the bones that make up the pelvis innominate or nominate?

innominate

what is an innominate bone?

fused bone

where is the acetabulum?

where innominate bones meet

what are the key differences between the male and female pelvis?

male = less curved sacrum & coccyx, less wide, smaller pubic arch angle

the head of the humerus is on the ________ side

medial

the greater trochanter is on the _______ side of the femur

lateral

the linear aspera is on the ______ aspect of the femur

posterior

the ___________ joins the right and left pubic bones together

pubic symphysis

what is the function of the acetabular labrum?

• deepens socket of joint

• acts as a suction cup

what type of joint is the hip?

ball and socket

where is the inguinal ligament?

ASIS → pubic bone

the __________ ligament is also called the “Y ligament”

illiofemoral

the ligamentum teres is unique in that it has _________ that passes through the ligament

blood supply

what motion does the pubofemoral ligament resist?

hyper abduction

the iliacus, sartorius, and rectus femoris are all hip flexor muscles that are innervated by what nerve?

femoral nerve

the _____ head of the biceps femoris originates on the ischial tuberosity

long

all of the hamstring muscles EXCEPT the _________ are innervated by the tibial nerve

short head of biceps femoris

what are the actions of the gluteus medius muscle?

• hip abduction

• external rotation (posterior fibers)

• internal rotation (anterior fibers)

list the muscles with insertions on the greater trochanter

• gluteal group (max, med, min)

• external rotators (piriformis, superior & inferior gemellus, obturator internus, quadratus femoris)

list the muscle with origins on the ischial tuberosity

• long head biceps femoris

• semitendinosus

• semimembranosus

all of the adductor muscles are innervated by the ______ nerve except the pectineus which is innervated by the femoral nerve

obturator

all of the adductor muscles are innervated by the obturator nerve except the pectineus which is innervated by the _______ nerve

femoral

what comprises the femoral triangle and why is it an important region of the hip?

• inguinal ligament, sartorius, adductor longus

• it is the area where the neurovascular structures pass through anteriorly and can be easily accessed

describe the general location of the following nerve paths: femoral, obturator, tibial, fibular

• femoral- anterior, lateral aspect of leg

• obturator- anterior medial aspect of leg

• tibial- posterior, medial aspect of leg

• fibular- posterior, lateral aspect of leg

what muscles are in the anterior compartment?

quadriceps & sartorius

what nerve runs through the medial compartment?

obturator

what muscle group is in the posterior compartment?

hamstrings

the ___________ is viewed in the frontal plane and is the angle between the head and neck to the shaft of the femur

angle of inclination

the angle of inclination is viewed in the frontal plane and is the angle between the head and neck to the ______ of the femur

shaft

angles greater than 125 degrees for the angle of inclination would indicate

coxa valga

the ________ is viewed in the transverse plane and is the angle between the head & neck to the femoral condyles

angle of torsion

the angle of torsion is viewed in the transverse plane and is the angle between the ___________ to the femoral condyles

head & neck

what is anteversion?

• angle of torsion > 15 degrees

• may observe toe in posture

hip flexors

• iliacus

• psoas major

• sartorius

• rectus femoris

iliacus

origin: iliac fossa

insertion: lesser trochanter

action: hip flexion, trunk flexion when seated

nerve innervation: femoral

psoas major

origin: anterior aspects of lumbar vertebra

insertion: lesser trochanter

action: hip flexion, trunk flexion when seated

nerve innervation: L1-L4 spinal nerves

sartorius

origin: ASIS (Anterior Superior Iliac Spine)

insertion: pes anserine

action:

• hip- flexion, abduction, external rotation

• knee- flexion, internal rotation

nerve innervation: femoral

rectus femoris

origin: AIIS (Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine)

insertion: tibial tuberosity

action:

• hip- flexion

• knee- extension

nerve innervation: femoral

hip extensors

• gluteus maximus

• biceps femoris

• semitendinosus

• semimembranosus

gluteus maximus

origin: sacrum superior gluteal line of ilium

insertion: IT (iliotibial) band gluteal tuberosity

action:

• hip- extension, abduction, external rotation

nerve innervation: inferior gluteal

biceps femoris

origin:

• long head- ischial tuberosity

• short head- linea aspera

insertion: head of fibula, posterolateral tibia

action:

• hip- extension

• knee- flexion

nerve innervation:

• long head- tibial

• short head- common peroneal/fibular

semitendinosus

origin: ischial tuberosity

insertion: anterior medial tibial shaft pes anserine

action:

• hip- extension

• knee- flexion

nerve innervation: tibial

semimembranosus

origin: ischial tuberosity

insertion: posterior medial tibial condyle

action:

• hip- extension

• knee- flexion

nerve innervation: tibial

hip abductors

• gluteus medius

• gluteus minimus

• tensor fascia latae

gluteus medius

origin: iliac crest gluteal surface

insertion: greater trochanter

action:

• hip- abduction, internal rotation (anterior fibers), external rotation (posterior fibers)

nerve innervation: superior gluteal

gluteus minimus

origin: lateral surface of ilium

insertion: greater trochanter

action:

• hip- abduction, internal rotation

nerve innervation: superior gluteal

tensor fascia latae

origin: ASIS (anterior superior iliac spine)

insertion: IT (iliotibial) band

action:

• hip- abduction, flexion, internal rotation

nerve innervation: superior gluteal

hip adductors

• adductor longus

• adductor brevis

• adductor magnus

• gracilis

• pectineus

adductor longus

origin: pubis

insertion: linea aspera

action:

• hip- adduction, external rotation

nerve innervation: obturator

adductor brevis

origin: pubis

insertion: linea aspera

action:

• hip- adduction, external rotation

nerve innervation: obturator

adductor magnus

origin: pubis & ischial tuberosity

insertion: adductor tubercle, linea aspera

action:

• hip- adduction, external rotation

nerve innervation: obturator

gracilis

origin: pubic

insertion: anterior medial tibia, pes anserine

action:

• hip- adduction

• knee- flexion, internal rotation

nerve innervation: obturator

pectineus

origin: pubis

insertion: lesser trochanter, linea aspera

action:

• hip- adduction, flexion, external rotation

nerve innervation: femoral

what bone is also known as the thigh?

femur

what bones are also known as the leg?

tibia & fibula

the pes anserine is located on the ______ side of the tibia

medial

what 3 muscles insert on the pes anserine?

sartorius, gracilis, semitendinosus

gerdy’s tubercle is located on the _____ side of the tibia

lateral

what are the 3 joints of the knee?

patellofemoral, tibiofemoral, proximal tibiofibular joint

true or false: the tibiofemoral joint is a traditional hinge joint

false; modified

the ________ femoral condyle is longer and the medial condyle is wider

lateral

the lateral femoral condyle is longer and the ________ condyle is wider

medial

because the femoral condyles differ in size and shape, in order to achieve full knee extensnion, the tibia needs to externally rotate during the last 20-30 degrees of extension. This is called the _______________

screw home mechanism

the patella is an extremely moveable structure. why is this potentially problematic?

prone to dislocation or sublxation

what type of joint is the proximal tibiofibular joint?

arthroidal

what is the purpose of the menisci?

dissipates pressure, reduce friction, provide support

what does cruciate mean?

cross

which ligaments are situated inside of the knee joint and cross over another?

anterior & posterior cruciate ligaments

what type of forces does the ACL resist?

anterior translation of tibia, internal rotation of tibia

where is the PCL located?

origin: lateral surface of medial femoral condyle

insertion: posterolateral tibial plateau

where are the collateral ligaments located?

on the sides (medial & lateral)

the MCL resists ___ forces

valgus

and the LCL resists _____ forces

varus

the patellar tendon is also known as the _______________

patellar ligament

what nerve innervates all of the quadriceps muscles?

femoral

all of the quadriceps muscles cause what action to occur?

knee extension

list all of the muscles that cause knee flexion to occur

biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, gastrocnemius, gracilis, sartorius

what is the purpose of the bursae?

lubrication at areas of higher friction

what does the q-angle measure?

angle between ASIS & tibial tubercle (axis is at patella)

what is a normal q-angle (degrees)?

~15 degrees

what does genu varum look like clinically?

bow legged

what does genu valgum look like clinically?

knock knees

what are the contents of the popliteal fossa?

• sciatic nerve

• popliteal artery

• saphenous vein

knee extensors

• rectus femoris

• vastus medialis

• vastus laterais

• vastus intermedius

rectus femoris

origin: AIIS (anterior inferior iliac spine)

insertion: tibial tuberosity

action:

• hip- flexion

• knee- extension

nerve innervation: femoral

vastus medialis

origin: intertrochanteric line & medial linea aspera

insertion: tibial tuberosity

action:

• knee- extension

nerve innervation: femoral

vastus lateralis

origin: greater trochanter, linea aspera

insertion: tibial tuberosity

action:

• knee- extension

nerve innervation: femoral

vastus intermedius

origin: upper 2/3 of anterior surface of femur

insertion: tibial tuberosity

action:

• knee- extension

nerve innervation: femoral

knee flexors

• gastrocnemius

• hamstring muscles

• gracilis

• sartorius

gastrocnemius

origin: medial & lateral femoral condyles

insertion: calcaneus via achilles tendon

action:

• knee- flexion

• ankle- plantar flexion

nerve innervation: tibial

what bones are included in the tarsal bones?

cuneiforms (3), cuboid, navicular, calcaneus, talus

the __________ bone is wedge shaped and located on the medial side of the foot

navicular

where is the cuboid bone located?

lateral side of foot

the heelbone is also known as the __________

calcaneus

the talus is _____ shaped on the superiorsurface where it articulates with the distal tibia and fibula

dome

the base of the metatarsal is located ______ and the head is located distally

proximally

the base of the metatarsal is located proximally and the _____ is located distally

head

what is unique/different about the first toe when considering the phalanges?

there’s no middle phalynx

true or false: all the toes have distal, middle, and proximal phalanges

false