RAD PHYSICS EQUIPP

What is matter?

Anything that occupies space and has mass/weight.

How can matter be transformed?

Matter can be transformed from one size, shape, and form to another.

What is mass?

The quantity of matter, measured in kilograms (kg), and is constant.

What is weight?

The force exerted on a body under the influence of gravity, measured in pounds (lb) or Newtons (N).

What is energy?

The ability to do work, which can be transformed from one form to another and cannot be created or destroyed.

What is the SI unit of energy?

Joule (J). In radiology, it is often measured in electron volts (eV).

What is potential energy?

Energy at rest, the ability to do work by virtue of position.

Give an example of potential energy.

A guillotine blade held aloft by a rope and pulley.

What is kinetic energy?

The energy of motion possessed by all matter in motion.

Give an example of kinetic energy.

A moving automobile.

What is chemical energy?

The energy released by a chemical reaction.

What is electrical energy?

The work done when an electron moves through an electric potential difference.

What is thermal energy?

The energy in motion at the molecular level, closely related to temperature.

What is nuclear energy?

The energy contained within the nucleus of an atom.

What is electromagnetic energy?

The type of energy used in x-ray imaging, including radio waves and visible light.

What does the Law of Conservation of Matter state?

Matter may be transformed from one form to another but cannot be created or destroyed.

What does the Law of Conservation of Energy state?

Energy may be transformed from one form to another but cannot be created or destroyed; the total amount of energy is constant.

What is the Theory of Relativity?

Proposed by Albert Einstein, it states that mass and energy are interchangeable, expressed by the equation E=mc².

What is an atom?

The fundamental building block of matter, the smallest particle of an element.

What are the two main parts of an atom?

The nucleus (central core) and orbital shells (where electrons are found).

What is a molecule?

A group of atoms bonded together.

What is a compound?

A substance composed of two or more elements chemically linked.

What is a covalent bond?

The chemical union between atoms formed by sharing one or more pairs of electrons.

What is an ionic bond?

The bonding that occurs due to electrostatic forces between ions.

What is atomic mass unit (amu)?

The mass of a neutral atom of an element, where 1 amu = 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom.

What is atomic number (Z)?

The number of protons/electrons in an atom.

What is the maximum number of electrons per shell formula?

2n², where n is the shell number.

What is the octet rule?

The principle that atoms tend to bond in such a way that they have eight electrons in their valence shell.

What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy the K shell?

2 electrons

What does the term 'Centripetal force' refer to in the context of electrons?

The force that keeps an electron in orbit.

What is the role of 'Centrifugal force' for an electron?

It causes an electron to travel straight and leave the atom.

What is the 'Nucleon Binding Force'?

The force that holds an atomic nucleus together.

What does 'Electron Binding Energy' (Eb) represent?

The strength of attachment of an electron to the nucleus.

How does the distance from the nucleus affect Electron Binding Energy?

The closer to the nucleus, the higher the Electron Binding Energy.

What is the significance of John Dalton's atomic theory?

It classified elements according to integral values of atomic mass.

What model of the atom did J.J. Thomson propose?

The Plum Pudding model, where electrons are embedded in a positive mass.

What did Ernest Rutherford's nuclear model of the atom describe?

An atom contains a small, dense, positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons.

What is Niels Bohr's contribution to atomic theory?

He described electrons revolving in fixed orbits around the nucleus.

What is Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD)?

A newer model that more accurately describes the details of atomic structure.

What are the four fundamental forces in nature?

Gravitational, Electrostatic, Magnetic, and Strong Nuclear Force.

What is radioactivity?

The emission of particles and energy from an unstable nucleus to become stable.

What is a 'Parent' nucleus in radioactive decay?

The original unstable nucleus before decay.

What is a 'Daughter' nucleus?

The resulting stable nucleus after decay.

What is the difference between Ground State and Excited State of a nucleus?

Ground State is the lowest energy state, while Excited State is a higher energy state.

What are isotopes?

Atomic nuclei that have the same atomic number but different atomic mass numbers.

What defines an Isobar?

Atomic nuclei that have the same atomic mass number but different atomic numbers.

What is an Isotone?

Atomic nuclei that have the same number of neutrons but different atomic numbers.

What is an Isomer?

Atomic nuclei that have the same atomic number and mass number but different energy states.

What occurs during Alpha Decay?

The emission of alpha particles from very heavy radionuclides.

What is the typical energy range of emitted alpha particles?

4-7 MeV.

How does the stability of a nucleus relate to the number of neutrons?

An excess of neutrons can lead to instability in the nucleus.

What are Radionuclides?

Atoms that undergo radioactive decay.

What is the SI unit for measuring radioactivity?

Becquerel.

What is the significance of Uranium in terms of radioisotopes?

It originated at the time of Earth's formation and is a primary source of radioisotopes.

What is the role of cosmic radiation in the production of Carbon-14?

It continuously produces Carbon-14 in the upper atmosphere.

What is alpha decay?

A process where an atomic nucleus emits an alpha particle, decreasing atomic number by 2 and atomic mass by 4.

What is beta decay?

A process that occurs in radionuclides where a beta particle is emitted, resulting in the conversion of a neutron to a proton or vice versa.

What occurs during beta minus decay?

A neutron is converted into a proton, increasing the atomic number by 1 while keeping the atomic mass constant.

What occurs during beta plus decay?

A proton is converted into a neutron, decreasing the atomic number by 1 while keeping the atomic mass constant.

What is electron capture?

A process where an electron is captured by a proton in the nucleus, converting it into a neutron and decreasing the atomic number by 1.

What is the decay constant (A)?

The rate of decay of radionuclides, calculated using the formula A = 0.693/T1/2.

What is the definition of half-life (T1/2)?

The time required for a quantity of radioactivity to be reduced to one-half its original value.

What is the relationship between half-life and decay constant?

T1/2 = 0.693/A, where A is the decay constant.

What is biological half-life (Tb)?

The time required for the body to eliminate one-half of the dose of any substance through biological processes.

What is effective half-life (Te)?

The time that accounts for both physical and biological half-lives, calculated using 1/Te = 1/T1/2 + 1/Tb.

What is isomeric transition?

A decay process involving the emission of gamma radiation without a change in atomic number or mass.

What is internal conversion?

A process where gamma radiation ejects an electron from an atom, resulting in the emission of characteristic x-rays.

What is the significance of Auger electrons?

Electrons emitted during the Auger process, which occurs when an electron is ejected from an atom following internal conversion.

What is the formula for remaining activity after n half-lives?

Remaining activity = original activity (0.5)^n.

How do you calculate the age of a radioactive sample?

By determining how many half-lives have passed based on the remaining percentage of the radioactive material.

What is the half-life of Carbon-14?

5730 years.

What is the half-life of Technetium-99m?

6 hours.

What is the half-life of Iodine-131?

8 days.

What is the half-life of Strontium-90?

28 years.

What is the half-life of Cobalt-60?

5.26 years.

What is the half-life of Cesium-137?

30 years.

What is the difference between physical half-life and biological half-life?

Physical half-life is the time for decay of the radioactive substance, while biological half-life is the time for the body to eliminate the substance.

What happens to the atomic mass during alpha decay?

It decreases by 4.

What happens to the atomic number during beta minus decay?

It increases by 1.

What happens to the atomic number during beta plus decay?

It decreases by 1.

What is the emission during beta minus decay?

Negatron and antineutrino.

What is the emission during beta plus decay?

Positron and neutrino.

What happens when two objects touch, allowing electrons to move?

Electrification occurs.

What is induction in the context of electricity?

The process of electrical fields acting on another without contact.

What is the role of an electric ground?

It behaves as a reservoir for stray electric charges, such as the Earth.

State Coulomb's Law.

The electrostatic force is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. Formula: F = k(QaQb/d²).

What defines an electric field?

The lines of force that cause charged particles to move from one pole to another.

What is the Law of Repulsion-Attraction?

Unlike charges attract; like charges repel.

What is the movement of charges in solid conductors?

Only negative charges move along the solid conductors.

What is electrodynamics?

The study of electric charges in motion.

What is electric current?

The movement of electrons along a wire, measured in Amperes (A).

What does 1 Ampere (A) represent?

1 Coulomb (C) of electric charge flowing through a conductor each second.

What is electrolysis?

The chemical ionization effects of an electric current.

Describe direct current (DC).

Electrons flow in only one direction, represented by a straight line waveform.

Describe alternating current (AC).

Electrons flow alternately in opposite directions, represented by a sinusoidal waveform.

What is a conductor?

Any substance through which electrons flow easily, obeying Ohm's law.

What is an insulator?

Any material that does not allow electron flow, with extremely high resistance.

What is a semiconductor?

A material that behaves as both an insulator and a conductor under certain conditions.

What is a superconductor?

A material that allows electrons to flow without resistance, requiring very low temperatures.

Define an electric circuit.

A pathway that permits electrons to move in a complete circle from their source through various components and back.