chem 15/16

hydrogen bonds

attractive forces in which a hydrogen covalently bonded to a very electronegative atom is also weakly bonded to an unshared electron pair of another highly electronegative atom

polar bond

a covalent bond between atoms in which the electrons are shared unequally

polar molecule

molecule in which one side of the molecule is slightly negative and the other side is slightly positive

surface tension

an inward force that tends to minimize the surface area of a liquid and causes the surface to behave as if it were a thin skin

surfactant

substances that interfere with the hydrogen bonding between water molecules and there by reduces surface tension a

vapor pressure

a measure of the force exerted by a gas above a liquid in a sealed container

hydrate

compound that has a specific number of water molecules bound to each formula unit

efflorescent

describing a compound that tends to lose its water of hydration because the hydrate has a vapor pressure higher than that of water vapor of the air

hygroscopic

describing salt and other compounds that remove moisture from the air

deliquescent

describing substance that removes sufficient water from the air to from a solution which has a vapor pressure lower than that of water vapor in the air

aqueous solution

water that contains dissolved substances

dissolution

general process of dissolving

solvent

dissolving medium in a solution

solute

dissolved particles in a solution

solvation

process that occurs when a solute dissolves during which the solvent molecules first break and then surround the solute particles

electrolyte

compound that conducts electric current when it is in an aqueous solution or in the molten state

solubility

amount of substance that dissolves in a quality of solvent at specified conditions of temperature and pressure to produce a saturated solution

miscible

liquids that dissolve in one another in all proportions

immiscible

liquids that are insoluble in ine another

dilute solution

solutions contains a small amount of solute

concentrated solution

containing a large amount of solute

unsaturated solution

solution that contains less solute than a saturated solution at a given temp and pressure

saturated solution

containing maximum amount of solute for a given amount of constant temp and pressure

supersaturated solution

containing more solute than it can theoretically hold at a given temp

henry’s law

given temp of the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas above the liquid

concentration

measurement of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given quality of a solvent

molarity

solute ina s olution expressed as the number of moles and solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution

colligative property

property of solution that depends only upon the number of solute particles and not upon their identities

chemical equation

an equation that is combined with two different terms to create a from of a equation

conversation mass

mass cannot be created or destroyed

reactant

the thing going in the equation

product

what is made of it in the end of the eqation

coefficent

the thing being times by

percicpate

a solid forms and spereates a solution during a chemical reaction

precipitation reaction

a reaction in which two aqeus solutions are mixed and can not be inscoluble solid

synthesis

when two or more reactants react to from a new substance

decompostion

when a single one breaks down into two or more similar ones

single replacement

chemical change when one or more elecment replace

double replacement

chemcial change involving change in positive ions

combustion

a change when a compound reacts with oxygen producing energy

phase symbol

its the Greek letter phi

aqueous

substance that contains dissolved or resembling water

yields

a percent of somethign coming in

catalyst

substance that speeds up a chemical reaction

diatomic molecules

composed of two atoms

theoretically yeild

max amount a product has amount made in the lab

actual yeild

amount made

percent yield

compare you made and theoretically

limitating reagent

chemcial being used up first

excess reagent

chemical left over

stoichemerty

caculating qualities in chemcial reaction

mole ratio

conversion factor made from coefficients

kientic energy

enrgy made of motion

tempeture

measure of kinetic energy