SAAT Biology Section 4 Vocabulary (Vertebrates) - تحصيلي

Agnatha

Lamprey

Chondrichthyes

Cartilaginous fish

Osteichthys

Bony fish

Amphibia

Amphibians

Aves

Birds

Mammalia

Mammals

Vertebrae (including lamprey)

Vertebrates that have a segemented backbone

Jaws (including cartilaginous fish and bony fish)

Jaws that help vertebrates to become successful predators

Four limbs (including amphibians)

Limbs that let animals move from the water to life on land

Feathers (including birds)

Insulate these animals from the cold and allow for flight

Hair (including mammals)

Helps these animals to maintain constant body temperatures by providing insulation from the cold

Classes of vertebrates

Fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals

Notochord in most vertebrates

Replaced by a vertebral column that surrounds and protects the nerve cord

Cartilage or bone

The building material of most vertebrates’ endoskeletons

Neural crest

A group of cells that develop from the nerve cord in vertebrates during embryonic development

Neural crest significance

In the development of vertebrates because many important vertebrate features develop from the neural crest

Animals characterized by the presence of an amnion

Reptiles, birds, and mammals

Amnion

A tough, thin, and transparent innermost membrane that forms the fluid-filled amniotic sac surrounding a developing fetus in mammals, reptiles, and birds

Animal characterized by the presence of feathers and air sacs

Birds

Animal characterized by the presence of hair and mammary glands

Mammals

First animals with four limbs

Amphibians

Amphibians can live on both

Land and water

Modern amphibians

Frogs, toads, salamanders, newts, and limbless caecilians

Amphibians characterization

Four legs, moist skin with no scales, gas exchange from the skin or lungs

Cloaca

A chamber that recieves the digestive wastes, urinary waste, and eggs or sperm before they leave the body

Amphibian hearts

Three chambered with double circulation

Nictitating membrane

A transparent eyelid that can move across the eye to protect it underwater

Tympanic membrane

An eardrum (in frogs, it is a thin external membrane on the side of the head)

Amphibian organism type

Ectotherms (cold blooded)

Amphibians reproduction

Reproduce externally and their eggs are covered with a sticky, jellylike substance

Amphibians’ classes

Frogs and toads, salamander and newts, caecilians

Frogs and toads

They lack tails and have long legs, frogs have soft skin but toads have rough skin

Salamander and newts

Have long, slim bodies

Caecilians

Legless and wormlike (they are blind)

Caecilians fertilization

They have internal fertilization

Tadpole

Limbless, gill-breathing, fishlike larva of a frog

Tadpole metamorphosis

Hind legs are formed and gills turn into lungs

Fish heart

Two chambered heart and closed circulation

Cellular waste filtered from fish

By the kidneys

Main functional unit of the kidney in fish

The nephron

Lateral line system

A line on the fish's body that allows them to detect the slightest movements in the water and it keeps them upright and balanced

Fishes reproduction

Most reproduce with external fertilization and some (such as sharks) reproduce through internal fertilization

Fish classes

Jawless fish, cartilaginous fish, and bony fish

Jawless fish

Such as hagfish; mostly parasites

Cartilaginous fish

Have skeletons made from cartilage and calcium carbonate (tough skin with placoid scales)

Bony fish

Ray finned fish (bony endoskeleton cycloid scales or disks, operculum covering the gills, and a swim bladder)

Reptile eggs

Have a protective shell and their bodies are covered with scaly skin

Reptiles are

Amniotes

Molting

A process some reptiles undergo to get rid of ingrowing skin

Reptiles breath

Via their lungs

Reptile hearts

Three chambered heart except for crocodiles (they have four chambered hearts)

Reptiles organism type

Ectotherms

Jacobson organ

Snakes put out their tongues to pick up scents by using this organ

Reptile classes

Scaly reptiles, crocdiles and alligators, turtles, tuataras, dinosaurs

Scaly reptiles

Such as snakes and lizards

Tuataras

Look similar to lizards but with bigger heads and a more scaly body

Reptile dinosaurs

Dinosaurs that extended the Jurassic Period

Birds temperature

Constant temperature of 41 degrees so they are endotherms

Birds’ feathers and bones

Feathers that cover their whole body (made of keratin) and bones that are light and hollow

Contour feathers

The feathers of a bird that cover their body, wings, and tail

Preen gland

A gland birds have at the base of their tails that secrets an oil on their feathers to make their feathers waterproof

Crop

A storage chamber at the base of the esophagus to store food

Gizzard

Posterior end of a birds’ stomach; a thick, muscular sac which often contains small stones that crush seeds

Birds don’t have

A bladder so their weight doesn’t increase while flying

All birds

Have internal fertilization

Mammal characteristics

Mammary glands and hair that is made out of keratin

Mammals can

Regulate or generate their own internal body temperature (endotherms

Diaphram

Sheet of muscle located beneath the lungs that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity and a double closed circulation (all mammals and only mammals have this)

High metabolic rate

Only small mammals have this due to their size

Mammals that cannot sweat

Put out their tongues as a way of losing water like a dog’s panting

Monotremes

Mammals that reproduce by laying eggs

Only other monotremes besides the duck-billed playpus are

Echidnas and anteaters

Reptilian bone structure in the shoulder area

A unique feature that only monotremes possess

Marsupials

Pouched pregnancy such as koalas, kangaroos, wallabys, and cuscus

Placenetal animals

Give birth to young that completed development in the uterus

Insectivora example

Hedgehog, shrews, and moles

Insectivora characteristics

Pointed snouts, smallest mammals, live underground, insect eaters

Chiroptera example

Bats

Chiroptera characteristics

Nocturnal, uses sonar, adapted to flight, fruit and insect eaters

Primates example

Monkeys, apes, humans

Primates characteristics

Binocular vision, large brains, most are tree-dwellers, opposable thumb

Xenartes example

Anteaters, slothes, armadillos

Xenartes characteristics

Toothless or peg-like teeth, insect eaters

Rodentia example

Beavers, rats, woodchucks, marmots, squirrels, hamsters, and gerbils

Rodentia characteristics

Sharp continuously growing incisor teeth, plant eaters

Lagomorpha example

Rabbits, pikas, hares

Lagomorpha characteristics

Back legs are longer than the front legs, adapted to jumping, incisors that continually grow, herbivores

Carnivora example

Dogs, cats, wolves, bears, seals, walruses, coyotes, skunks, otters, minks, and weasels

Carnivora charactertistics

Teeth adapted to tear flesh, meat eaters

Proboscidea example

Elephants

Proboscidea characertistics

Long trunks, incisors became long tusks, largest land animal

Sirenia example

Manatees and dugongs (sea cows)

Sirenia characteristics

Slow moving, big heads, no hind limbs, adapted to aquatic environments

Perissocactyla example

Horses, zebra, rhinoceroses

Perissocactyla characteristics

Hoofed, odd number of toes, plant eaters

Artiodactyla example

Deer, cattle, pigs, hippopotamuses

Artiodactyla charactertistics

Hoofed, even mumber of toes, plant eaters that chew cud

Cetacea example

Whales, dolphins, porpoises

Cetacea characteristics

Front limbs that are flippers, no hind limbs, nostril forms a blowhole

Shortest animal pregnancy

Opossum pregnancy (12 days)