Bones and Joints Anatomy

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the classification of bones and joints, anatomical landmarks of major limb bones, and synovial joint types based on the lecture notes.

Long bones

A category of bones characterized by being longer than they are wide; for example, the Humerus.

Short bones

Bones that are generally cube-shaped or small; for example, the carpal bones.

Flat bones

Bones that have a broad, flat surface; for example, the scapula.

Sesamoid bones

Bones that develop within tendons; for example, the patella.

Pneumatic bones

Bones containing air-filled spaces; for example, the Paranasal sinuses.

Irregular bones

Bones with complex shapes that do not fit other categories; for example, the Vertebra.

Axial Bones

The division of the skeleton that includes the Skull, Vertebral column, and thoracic cage (sternum and ribs).

Appendicular Bones

The division of the skeleton that includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs.

Bones of the upper limb

Consists of the Clavicle, Scapula, Humerus, Ulna, Radius, and the Bones of the hand.

Clavicle

A bone with a medial rounded sternal end, a shaft with an inferior groove, and a lateral flattened acromial end.

Scapula

A bone featuring a Glenoid cavity, Spine, Coracoid process, Acromion, a Dorsal (Posterior) surface, and a Ventral (Anterior) surface.

Humerus

The bone of the upper arm consisting of a Head, Neck, Shaft, and a lower end with Medial and Lateral epicondyles.

Radius

A bone of the forearm featuring a Head, Neck, Radial tuberosity, Shaft, and Styloid process at the lower end.

Ulna

A bone of the forearm featuring the Olecranon process, Coronoid process, Trochlear notch, Shaft, and a lower end with a Head and Styloid process.

Bones of the hand

Consists of Carpal bones, Metacarpal bones, and Phalanges (Proximal, Middle, and Distal).

Bones of the lower limb

Consists of the Hip bone, Femur, Patella, Tibia, Fibula, and the Bones of the foot.

Hip bone

A bone of the lower limb that features the Acetabulum on its lateral view.

Femur

The thigh bone consisting of a Head, Neck, Shaft, Intertrochanteric line, Intertrochanteric crest, Patellar surface, and Medial and Lateral condyles.

Patella

A sesamoid bone featuring a Base, Apex, and Articular surface.

Bones of the foot

Consists of Tarsal bones, Metatarsal bones ($1^{st}, 2^{nd}, 3^{rd}, 4^{th}, 5^{th}$), and Phalanges (proximal, Middle, and distal).

Joints classification by tissue

The three main types of joints are Fibrous joints, Cartilaginous joints, and Synovial joints.

Fibrous joints

Joints where bones are joined by fibrous tissue; types include Sutures, Syndesmosis, and Gomphosis.

Primary cartilaginous joint

A joint where bones are united by hyaline cartilage, such as the Epiphysial cartilage/plate in the Humerus.

Secondary cartilaginous joint

Joints including the Intervertebral disc, Pubic symphysis, Xiphisternal Joint, and the Manubriosternal Joint ($\text{Sternal Angle}$) at level $T4/T5$.

Synovial joints criteria

Classified according to the arrangement and shape of articular surfaces and the possible axes of movement.

Plane joint

A type of synovial joint, such as the Acromioclavicular (AC) joint.

Hinge joint

A uniaxial synovial joint allowing movement in one plane, such as the joint between the Humerus (trochlea) and Ulna (trochlear notch).

Pivot joint

A uniaxial synovial joint allowing rotation around a central axis, such as the atlas/axis joint involving the Dens and Transverse ligament.

Ellipsoid (Condyloid) joint

A biaxial synovial joint, such as the joint between a Metacarpal and a Phalanx.

Saddle joint

A biaxial synovial joint, such as the joint between the Trapezium and the First metacarpal.

Ball & socket joint

A multiaxial synovial joint where a round-shaped bone fits into a socket, such as the joint between the Pelvis and Femur.