digestive system

gastrointestinal tract

aka GI tracts

Upper GI tract

consists of the mouth pharynx esophagus and stomach

lower GI tract

aka bowels— made up of the small and large intestines

palate

forms the roof of the mouth

uvula

hangs from the free edge of the soft palate

sublingual surface

part of the tongue and tissues that lie under the tongue and are covered with delicate highly vascular tissues

lingual frenum

band of tissue that attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth

periodontium

structures that surround and support the teeth

ondonti-

teeth

gingiva

aka masticatory mucosa or the gums— mucous membrane that covers the bone of the dental arches

dental arches

bony structures of the oral cavity

temporomandibular joint

aka TMJ formed at the back of the mouth where the maxillary and mandibular arches come together

primary dentition

baby teeth

permanent dentition

32 teeth designed to last a lifetime

occlusion

contact between the chewing surfaces of the upper and lower teeth

crown

portion of a tooth that is visible in the mouth and is covered by enamel

amylase

digestive enzyme that is the first step in chemical digestion

salivary glands

secrete saliva that is carried by ducts into the mouth

parotid glands

located on the face slightly in front of the ear

sublingual glands

ducts are located on the floor of the mouth under the tongue

submandibular glands

ducts are located on the floor of the mouth near the mandible

pharynx

common passageway for both respiration and digestion

epiglottis

lid like structure that closes off the entrance to the trachea to prevent food and liquids from moving from the pharynx

esophagus

muscular tube through which ingested food passes from the pharynx to the stomach

lower esophageal sphincter

aka cardiac sphincter— muscular ring between the esophagus and stomach

stomach

organ composes of the fundus body and antrum

rugae

the folds allow the stomach to increase and decrease in size

gastric juices

made up of enzymes and hydrochloric acid aid in the beginning of food digestion

pyloric sphincter

ring like muscle at the base of the stomach that controls the flow of partially digested food from the stomach

pylorus

narrow passage that connects with the small intestine

small intestine

extends form the pyloric sphincter to the first part of the large intestine

duodenum

first portion of the small intestine

jejunum

middle portion of the small intestine

ileum

last and longest portion of the small intestine

large intestine

extends from the end of the small intestine to the anus

cecum

pouch that lies on the right side of the abdomen

ileocecal sphincter

ring like muscle that controls the flow from the ileum of the small intestine

vermiform appendix

aka appendix— hangs from the lower portion of the cecum

colon

largest portion of the large intestine

liver

largest organ in the body

glycogen

form of glucose that is stored in the liver and muscles

bile

aid in the digestion of fats and is a digestive juice secreted by the liver that is necessary for the digestion of fat

bilirubin

pigment formed in the liver by the breakdown of hemoglobin and excreted in bile

biliary tree

provides channels through which bile is transported from the liver to the small intestine

gallbladder

pear shaped organ located under the liver that stores and concentrates bile

cholecystic

pertaining to the gallbladder

cholecyst

gallbladder

pancreas

located behind the stomach— produces and secretes pancreatic juices that aid in digestion and contain digestive enzymes and sodium bicarbonate to help neutralize stomach acids

digestion

process by which complex foods are broken down into nutrients in a form the body can use

digestive enzymes

responsible for the chemical changes that break down foods into simpler forms of nutrients for the body to use

nutrient

substance usually from food that is necessary for the body to function

calorie

unit of energy

metabolism

includes all of the processes involved in the body’s use of nutrients

anabolism

building up of the body’s calls or substances from nutrients

catabolism

breaking down of body cells or substances releasing energy and carbon dioxide

absorption

the process by which completely digested nutrients are transported to the cells throughout the body

villi

projections that contain blood vessels and lacteals

lacteals

absorb fats and fat soluble vitamins that cannot be transported directly by the bloodstream

mastication

aka chewing— breaks down food into smaller pieces mixes with saliva to be swallowed

bolus

mass of food that has been chewed and is ready to be swallowed

peristalsis

series of wave like contractions of the smooth muscles in a single direction that moves the food forward into the digestive system

chyme

semifluid mass pf partly digested food that passes out of the stomach through the pyloric sphincter and into the small intestine

borborygumus

rumbling noise caused by the movement of gas in the intestine

flatulence

the passage of gas aka flatus out of the body through the rectum

bariatrics

branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and management of obesity and associated diseases

dentist

specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of teeth and tissues of the oral cavity

gastroenterologist

physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the stomach and intestines

enter

small intestine

maxillofacial surgeon

specializes in surgery of the face and jaws to correct deformities treat diseases and repair injuries

orthodontist

dental specialist who prevents or corrects malocclusion of the teeth and related facial structures

orth-

straight or normal

ondont-

teeth

periodontist

prevents or treats disorders of the tissues surrounding the teeth

proctologist

specializes in disorders of the colon rectum and anus

proct-

anus and rectum

registered dietitian

specialist in food and nutrition who practices medical nutrition therapy and counsels patients on improving their dietary intake

canker sores (aka)

aka aphthous ulcers

canker sores

in soft tissues lining the mouth

cheilitis

aka cheilosis— inflammation of the lips characterized by crack like sores at the corners of the mouth

cheil-

lips

cold sores

aka herpes labialis or fever blisters— blister like sores on the lips and adjacent facial tissue that are caused by HSV-1

leukoplakia

abnormal white usually benign lesion that develops on the tongue or the inside of the cheek

-plakia

plaque

stomatitis

inflammation of the mucosa of the mouth

stomat

mouth or oral cavity

oral thrush

fungal infection in the mouth caused by candida albicans— creamy white lesions on the tongue or inner cheeks

trismus

aka lockjaw— restriction to opening of the mouth caused by trauma surgery or radiation associated with the treatment of oral cancer

xerostomia

aka dry mouth— lack of adequate saliva due to diminished secretions by the salivary glands

cleft lip

birth defect which there is a deep groove of the lip running upward to the nose as a result of the failure of this portion of the lip to close during prenatal development.

cleft palate

failure of the palate to close during the early development of the fetus

bruxism

involuntary grinding of the teeth that usually occurs duri

dental caries

aka tooth decay/ cavity— infectious disease caused by bacteria that destroy the enamel and dentin of the tooth

dental plaque

major cause of dental caries and periodontal disease, forms soft deposits in sheltered areas near the gums and between the teeth

endentulous

without teeth

halitosis

bad breath— unpleasant odor coming from the mouth and can be caused by dental disease or respiratory or gastric disorders

malocclusion

any deviation from the normal positioning of the upper teeth against the lower teeth

halit-

breath

peridontal disease

aka periodontitis— inflammation of the tissues that surround and support the teeth

dental calculus

aka tartar— dental plaque that has calcified on the teeth

gun recession

shrinking of the gingival tissue often associated with aging