Endocrine System - Anatomy Ch. 9

low cortisol test

Hormones

chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands that travel through the bloodstream.

Target cells

cells with receptors that respond to specific hormones

Prostaglandin

lipid compounds produced in nearly all body tissue to regulate inflammation, blood flow, uterine contractions, and protect stomach lining.

Tropic hormone

specialized hormones that regulate function/secretion of other glands.

Catecholamines

hormones and neurotransmitters produced by the adrenal glands and nervous system in response to stress

Mineralocorticoids

steroid hormones, primarily aldosterone, that regulate sodium retention and potassium excretion, crucial for maintaining fluid balance and blood pressure

Glucocorticoids

potent, steroids-based anti inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents

Diabetes mellitus

inadequate insulin production (Type 1) or ineffective insulin use (Type 2)

Diabetes insipidus

disorder characterized by extreme thirst (polydipsia) and the excretion of large amounts of dilute urine (polyuria)

What are most hormones regulated by?

Negative feedback.

Three types of stimuli

hormonal, humoral, neural

Example of hormonal stimuli

the hypothalamus releasing TRH, which signals the anterior pituitary to secrete TSH, making the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone

Example of humoral stimuli

the regulation of blood sugar, calcium, and water balance

Example of neural stimuli

“fight-or-flight” response, increases heart rate and oxygen delivery. 

Hypothalamus; where are its hormones stored?

posterior pituitary

ADH and how alcohol affects it

Alcohol suppresses the release of ADH from the pituitary gland. Low ADH means kidneys do not reabsorb water, leading to diuresis and dehydration.

Oxytocin

a hormone and neurotransmitter produced in the hypothalamus that acts as the body's primary driver for labor, lactation, and social bonding.

Posterior pituitary stands out because it is.…

NOT a part of the endocrine system.

Anterior pituitary

controlled by hypothalamus. produces 6 hormones.

Growth hormone

growth, cell regeneration, metabolism. Effects bones and muscles

Prolactin

stimulates milk production in mammary glands

ACTH

stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol

TSH

Produced by the anterior pituitary gland to stimulate the thyroid gland

FSH

vital for sexual development and reproduction. drives maturation of eggs and regulates sperm production.

LH

Triggers ovulation of an egg in females. Stimulated testosterone production in males.

Thyroid

contains Calcitonin and thyroid hormone (thyroxine)

Calcitonin and thyroid hormone effects

reduces kidney calcium reabsorption and regulates calcium levels. Thyroid hormone controls the body’s metabolism, body temperature, and basic homeostasis. 

Parathyroid

produces PTH. Located behind the thyroid.

PTH effect

increases calcium presence in blood when levels are low.

Adrenal cortex

on top of kidneys, responsible for adrenaline rushes. Produces aldosterone and cortisone.

Aldosterone and cortisone effects

fight for flight response, adrenaline rush like increase heart rate and oxygen delivery

Pancreas

produces insulin and glucagon

Insulin and glucagon effects

control blood sugar levels

What cells make hormones in the pancreas?

Islets of Langerhans

Thymus

produces thymosin

Thymosin effect

immune system production (T cells)

Ovaries

produces estrogen and progesterone. In females

Estrogen and progesterone effects

estrogen affects bone health, mood, and egg maturation, while progesterone stabilizes the uterine lining for pregnancy.

Testes

produces testosterone. In males

Testosterone effects

regulates libido, sperm production, muscle mass, and bone density.

Pineal

produces melatonin

Melatonin effects

controls sleep/wake cycle.

Placenta

produces human chorionic gonadotropin (pregnancy hormone)

What is the rule of Iodine

Iodine is needed to synthesize thyroid hormone.

Symptoms of diabetes

Thirst, polyuria, hunger, and fatigue.

(Open ended) PTH and Calcitonin

regulate calcium homeostasis. PTH increases blood calcium when levels are low, calcitonin does the opposite.

(Open ended) What insulin does

vital peptide hormone produced in the pancreas that regulates blood sugar by allowing cells to use glucose as energy.