Rocky Final Exam Review

Which recombinant virus is commonly used as a vaccine vector for feline leukemia virus (FeLV) DNA in cats?

Canary pox virus

The molecule beta₂-microglobulin is an integral structural component of which MHC molecule?

MHC class I molecules

Term: Bacterin

Definition: A vaccine containing killed bacteria.

Substances added to vaccines specifically to enhance the immune responsiveness to the antigen are called _____.

Adjuvants

In neutrophils which disease is characterized by the failure of the nucleus to separate into distinct lobes?

Pelger-Huet anomaly

What is considered the most important clinical sign of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) in a foal?

Lymphopenia

The use of a piece of an animal's own leg vein to repair its own coronary artery is an example of an _____.

Autograft

What is the most predominant cellular lesion seen in foals with combined immunodeficiency?

Loss of both B and T cells

Which specific immune cell type is predominantly infected by Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)?

CD4⁺ T lymphocyte

Major changes in the antigenic structure of influenza viruses are known as antigenic _____.

Shift

The BoLA (Bovine Leukocyte Antigen) complex is the MHC found in which species?

Cattle

Which immune cell type is the primary mediator of acute allograft rejection?

Cytotoxic T cells

How does the innate defense factor lysozyme exert its bactericidal action?

By splitting the peptidoglycan layer in the bacterial cell wall.

Which disease is caused by an excessive or repeated dose of a foreign antiserum?

Serum sickness

Which general category of vaccine is typically considered unsafe for administration to pregnant animals?

Modified-live vaccine

What is the primary mechanism by which antibodies protect a host against viral infection?

By blocking viral absorption to host cells.

Compared to modified-live what is the major disadvantage of active immunization using killed vaccines?

Induces a slow onset of immunity

A blue-smoke Persian cat with lightened coat color and abnormally large intracytoplasmic granules in phagocytes likely suffers from _____.

Chediak-Higashi syndrome

A high level of eosinophils in the blood (eosinophilia) is most suggestive of which type of disease?

Parasitic disease

By what mechanism does lactoferrin in milk inhibit bacterial growth?

By capturing free iron to make it unavailable to bacteria.

What is a significant safety risk associated specifically with the use of modified-live vaccines?

Residual virulence or reversion to virulence.

What is the primary reason vaccines often fail to work in very young infants?

Presence of maternal antibodies

Which immunoglobulin isotype is the most important for immunity against large helminthic parasites?

IgE

Endogenously processed viral antigens in a lung fibroblast are presented by MHC class I molecules to which immune cells?

CD8⁺ cytotoxic lymphocytes

Why do nude mice or neonatally thymectomized animals fail to reject transplants?

They lack mature T helper and T cytotoxic cells.

What is the primary mechanism of resistance to disease caused by Clostridium tetani?

Toxin neutralization by antibody

Which substance is the most commonly used depot adjuvant in killed vaccines?

Aluminum hydroxide

Which protozoan parasite demonstrates sequential antigenic variation in its most extreme form?

Trypanosomes

Hyperacute transplant rejection is most frequently a problem in which type of transplantation?

Xenograft

Which two types of grafts do not trigger immunological rejection?

Autografts and Isografts

Cyclic hematopoiesis in gray Collie dogs is characterized by 10-day normal cycles followed by 5-6 days of low numbers of _____.

Neutrophils

The major clinical disease resulting from the transplantation of bone marrow allografts is _____.

Graft-versus-host disease

Which helper T cell subset primarily mediates immunity to large helminth parasites?

Th2 cells

Eosinophilic granules contain _____ Basic Protein which is toxic to large parasites.

Major

The milk ring test is a diagnostic tool used to identify which bovine disease?

Bovine brucellosis

A graft of tissue between individuals of the same species but different genetic backgrounds is called an _____.

Allograft

In which veterinary species has vaccine-induced sarcoma been reported most frequently?

Cats

MHC class II molecules are primarily expressed on which three cell types?

B cells

In Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca (KCS) the autoimmune attack targets which specific glands?

Lacrimal glands

The detection of autoantibodies that block acetylcholine receptors is indicative of which disease?

Myasthenia gravis

Abruptly stopping the use of prednisone after prolonged treatment can lead to an _____.

Adrenal Crisis

Animals that develop autoantibodies against their own cell nuclei and DNA suffer from which disease?

Systemic lupus erythematosus

Which tissue sample is required to diagnose Pemphigus foliaceous in a dog?

Skin

Tumor cells can evade T-cell detection by decreasing the expression of surface _____ molecules.

MHC

What is the major pathologic finding in a kidney that has undergone hyperacute rejection?

Extensive destruction of blood vessels

Ophthalmic drops containing which immunosuppressive drug are used to treat Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca in cats?

Cyclosporine

The detection of _____ Cells in a blood smear is a diagnostic test for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.

LE

In Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA) autoantibodies target the membranes of which cells?

Erythrocytes (RBC)

Autoantibodies against the intracellular cement substance binding keratinocytes indicate which disease?

Pemphigus

Which organ or tissue can often be allografted without the concern for immunological rejection?

The cornea

Rheumatoid factor

An autoantibody directed against normal immunoglobulin.

Which drug acts as a selective immunosuppressant commonly used to prevent allograft rejection?

Cyclosporine

Autoimmune thrombocytopenia is characterized by the depletion of which blood component?

Platelets

A Holstein calf with persistent neutrophilia but no pus formation at infection sites likely has Leukocyte _____ deficiency.

Adhesion

Which diagnostic test is specifically used to identify Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia?

Direct Coomb's Test

Which quick-acting drug is used both for treatment and as a diagnostic agent for Myasthenia gravis?

Edrophonium chloride

Technically because it carries paternal antigens, the fetus is considered a(n)

Allograft

Immunity against cancer cells is primarily mediated by Macrophages & dendritic cells.

True

How are organisms for modified-live vaccines most commonly produced?

Passaging in tissue cultures

Which avian lymphoid organ is considered both a primary and secondary lymphoid organ?

Bursa of Fabricius

The avian counterpart to mammalian IgG is often called _____.

IgY

"In the T cell receptor (TCR) complex which membrane protein is responsible for transducing the activation signal?"

CD3

"In the event of a major epidemic with a new viral pathogen which treatment would be most effective for immediately reducing deaths?"

Antiserum

Immunization with a live-virus vaccine is generally contraindicated in which condition regarding feline health?

Cats with FIV infection

Which disease is characterized by a 96/100 score indicating it is not reported in tigers but seen in cattle and cats?

Chediak-Higashi syndrome

After vaccination of a dog antibody to canine distemper generally appears in the serum after approximately _____ days.

6-7

Which chemical is commonly used in the preparation of killed vaccines to inactivate the pathogen?

Formalin

Against which condition could the immune system autonomously mount an effective activity unlike most cancers?

Cutaneous warts

A lack of CD11b/CD18 molecules on neutrophils is diagnostic for which condition in Holstein calves?

Bovine leukocyte adherence deficiency

The T cell receptor is primarily made up of which two types of chains in the majority of T cells?

⍺ and β