Meiosis/Mitosis

Cytokinesis

the final split of the cytoplasm into two daughter cells

Chromosomes

coiled structures of the DNA and proteins

chromatids(sister)

identical copies of a chromosome held together before division

Centromere

Region where sister chromatids are held together

Cancer

a disease caused by the uncontrolled cell growth and division

Cell cycle

The full cycle of a cell, including growth and division

Interphase

the preparation phase(g1, s, g2) where the cell grows and copies its DNA

Mitosis

Nuclear division resulting in two identical cells

Diploid

having two complete sets of chromosomes 2n

Haploid

having a single set of chromosomes n

Homologous chromosomes

chromosome pairs(one from each parent) with the same gene sequence

Crossing over

the swap of genetic material between homologous chromosomes

Independent assortment

the random way chromosome pairs line up, creating genetic variety

Haploid(n)

one set of chromosomes

Diploid(2n)

two sets of chromosomes

S - Phase

apart of interphase where DNA replication occurs

Synapsis

Tight pairing of homologous chromosomes during prophase 1

Chiasmata

X shaped region where crossing over occurs

Independent Assortment

Random distribution of maternal and paternal homologs into gametes

Nondisjunction

Failure of chromosomes or chromatids to separate during anaphase

Apoptosis

programmed cell death, occurs when cell fails checkpoint and cannot repair DNA

Cdk

Enzyme that phosphorylates target proteins to drive the cell cycle and only active when bound to cyclin

Crossing Over

physical exchange of DNA segments between non-sister chromatids to create new “recombinant” alleles