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40 Terms
Maize Cultivation
The primary agricultural practice that allowed Native American tribes to transition from nomadic to settled, complex societies.
Columbian Exchange
The global transfer of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the New and Old Worlds after 1492.
Encomienda System
A Spanish labor system that granted land and Native American labor to Spanish settlers, effectively a form of slavery.
Caste System (Castas)
A strict social hierarchy in Spanish colonies based on racial ancestry, including Peninsulares (born in Spain), Creoles (Spanish decent born in America), and Mestizos (mixed heritage Spaniards+Indigenous).
Joint-Stock Company
For-profit businesses, like the Virginia Company, used by the English to fund early colonization efforts.
Indentured Servitude
A labor system where individuals worked for a set period (usually 4–7 years) in exchange for passage to America.
Mercantilism
The economic theory that colonies exist to enrich the mother country through trade regulation and the accumulation of gold/silver.
Great Awakening
A religious revival in the mid-1700s that challenged traditional church authority and promoted evangelicalism.
Salutary Neglect
The unofficial British policy of loosely enforcing trade laws, which ended after the French and Indian War, fueling colonial resentment.
Republican Motherhood
The idea that women should be educated to raise virtuous, "republican" citizens for the new nation.
Articles of Confederation
The first U.S. constitution, which created a weak central government and gave most power to the states.
Federalism
A system of government where power is shared between the national and state governments, a key feature of the 1787 Constitution.
Market Revolution
The shift from local, self-sufficient economies to a national, industrial market system involving new transportation like canals and railroads.
American System
Henry Clay’s plan to strengthen the economy via a national bank, protective tariffs, and internal improvements.
Nullification Crisis
A conflict between South Carolina and the federal government over whether a state could void federal laws it deemed unconstitutional.
Second Great Awakening
A 19th-century religious movement that inspired various social reforms, including abolition and temperance.
Manifest Destiny
The 19th-century belief that the U.S. was destined by God to expand across North America to the Pacific Ocean.
Popular Sovereignty
The principle that the residents of a territory should vote to decide whether to allow slavery.
Nativism
Hostility toward immigrants, which peaked with the rise of groups like the "Know-Nothing" Party in the 1850s.
Reconstruction
The period after the Civil War focused on reintegrating the South and defining the rights of formerly enslaved people.
Gospel of Wealth
Andrew Carnegie’s idea that the wealthy have a moral obligation to use their riches for the public good.
Social Darwinism
The "survival of the fittest" applied to society and business, used to justify wealth inequality and laissez-faire economics.
Populism
A political movement (mostly farmers) that advocated for the free coinage of silver and government regulation of railroads.
Progressivism
A reform movement seeking to solve social and political problems caused by industrialization and urbanization.
Isolationism
A foreign policy of avoiding involvement in international entanglements, dominant in the U.S. between the World Wars.
New Deal
President Franklin D. Roosevelt's series of programs designed to provide relief, recovery, and reform during the Great Depression.
Containment
The U.S. strategy of preventing the spread of communism worldwide during the Cold War.
McCarthyism
The practice of making public accusations of disloyalty or subversion (communism) without sufficient evidence.
Great Society
President Lyndon B. Johnson’s domestic program that aimed to eliminate poverty and racial injustice.
Reaganomics
Economic policies centered on supply-side theory, including tax cuts and deregulation.
Conservatism
A political philosophy emphasizing traditional values, individual liberty, and limited government.