Geography summer exam revision

Absolute poverty

Occurs when household income is insufficient to meet basic needs like food, shelter, safe drinking water, and education.

Relative poverty

Happens when a household earns 50% less than the average income and can only afford basic necessities.

HDI (Human Development Index)

A measure of development considering factors like life expectancy, adult literacy rate, and sanitation rate.

GDP (Gross Domestic Product)

Measures the total value of goods and services produced in a country.

Causes of uneven development

Includes historical conflicts (wars, politics, trade patterns), physical factors (climate, relief, natural disasters).

Renewable resources

Can be naturally replenished in a human lifetime, like sunlight, wind, water, and hydroelectric power.

Non-renewable resources

Limited resources that cannot be naturally replenished in a human lifetime, such as coal, natural gas, oil, and fossil fuels.

Water scarcity impacts

Leads to lower sanitation rates, increased diseases, reduced life expectancy, and lower HDI, affecting trade and tourism interest. Countries like India, Nigeria, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Mexico face water scarcity.

Causes of soil erosion

Factors like deforestation, overgrazing, improper agricultural practices, and construction activities contribute to soil erosion.

Hazards and tectonics

Study of natural disasters like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, and their impact on the environment and human populations.