language pedagogy

the level at which assumptions and beliefs about language and language learning are specified

What is an approach?

The level at which theory is put into practice and at which choices are made about the particular skills to be taught, and the order in which content will be presented

What is a method?

the level at which classroom procedures are described

What is a technique?

Drawing from different methods

What is an eclectic method?

Sociolinguistics, pyscholinguistics, corpus linguisitcs

What are the three aspects of appliedd linguistics?

Skinner

behaviourism

1960's

When did CLT emerge

1980's

when was clt applied

functional

What purpose did CLT have

greater european post-war inter-dependence

origins of clt 1.

Increased global communication

origins of clt 2.

political impetus from council of Europe

origins of clt 3.

communicative language teaching syllabus created at European level wilkins 1976

origins of clt 4

approach

Is CLT a method or an approach

learner centred, experienced based and dependant on an analysis of learner needs

What is CLT?

develop communicative competency

objectives of CLT 1.

develop fluency rather than accuracy

objectives of CLT 2.

develop learning and communicative strategies

objectives of CLT 3

balanced development of the four language learning skills

objectives of CLT 4

Entry of US into WW2 creates new need for foreign language expertise

what called for the introduction of audiolingualism? 1.

pre-1945 no significant attempt to teach FL in a systematic way as in UK

what called for the introduction of audiolingualism? 2.

Bloomfield and Fries

Name two famous structural linguists?

Fries

who developed the notion of contrastive analysis?

behaviourism-skinner

What approach highly influenced audiolingualism?

As a system of structurally related elements for the encoding of meaning

How do structuralists view language?

intellectual learners

who was the method suited to?

Interested in patterns of organisation (morphology, syntax ) and its sound system (phonemes)

structuralists had a more practical interest in language-explain?

Through learning rules of language organization

How do structuralists believe learners master a language?

scientific approach

what type of approach to structuralists perceive audiolingualism?

beahviorism

what is another name for the dominant school of american psychology of the 1850's

Stimulus-response-reinforcement

what are the three crucial elements in leaning according to behaviorists?

mechanical

foreign language learning is a process of _____________ habit formation

...

Target language should be learned in ________ form before seen in written form

inductive learning

What is another name for students discovering rules for themselves in the language?

Accurate pronunciation, ability to reproduce speech and written language accurately and proficiency in listening

What were the short-term objectives of behaviorism

native-like proficiency in all of the four skills

long-term objectives of behaviorism?

listening-speaking-reading-writing

what was the order of language skills taught in structuralism

PPP-presentation, practice, production

what was the model that was followed in the classroom by the teachers under the behaviorist approach

central, active role, models new language, monitors, corrects errors, directs practice drills, highly teacher dominant method

what role does the teacher have in the behaviorist classroom?

reactive rolo-responding to stimuli provided by teacher, little control over content, pace or learning style

what role does the learner have in the behhaviorist classroom?

student course-book, audiotapes, cd's and audio visual tapes, language lab

what materials were used in the behaviorist classroom

1960's

when was the audiolingual method decline?

not related to real communication outside the classroom and monotonous

why did AL decline?

some aspects effective when used in conjunction with other methods-useful for teaching pronunciation-PPP

what relevance does audiolingualism have to language today?

latin

what was the most dominant language of education,religion and governement in western civilization from medieval times

French, Spanish, English, Italian

what languages gain importance in the 16th century as a result of emergent colonisation

French

what language becomes the language of international diplomacy

16th century

when does latin diminish in importance

latin

what language was used to study classics in 'grammar schools'?

the way latin is taught

what becomes the model for learning based on analysis of grammar, rhetoric and rote learning?

germany in the 19th century

where and when did the grammar translation method originate?

1840's to 1950's

for how long did the grammar translation method doominate language teaching in europe

to reads its literature and/or benefit from the resulting mental discipline and intellectual development

what was the fundamental goal of the grammar translation method?

detailed analysis of its grammar rules

what was the first step of the grammar translation method?

application of this knowledge to the task of translating sentences and texts in and out of the T.L

after the students learned the grammar rules in GTM what did the student then do?

the L2

what was not spoken in the GTM class

passive role as the receivers of knowledge

what roles do the students play in the classroom of GTM?

mid 19th century

when did the GTM opposition movement begin?

changing international conditions

what influened a shift away from the grammar translation method? 1.

increased opportunity for communication

what influened a shift away from the grammar translation method? 2.

public education system increasingly seen to be failing

what influened a shift away from the grammar translation method? 3

emergence of linguistics and later applied linguistics as disciplines

what influened a shift away from the grammar translation method? 4

Child language learning increasingly seen as a model for second language teaching

what influened a shift away from the grammar translation method? 5

France and Germany at the start of 20th century

when and where did the direct method originate?

the methods era

what does the direct method mark the beginning of?

commercial schools such as the berlitz schools

what schools were opened up using the Direct Method?

target language

what language is used in the direct method?

everyday vocabulary

what type of vocabulary is used with the direct method?

inductively

how is grammar taught in direct method

orally and the rules are worked out afterwards

how are new teaching points taught in the direct method?

through demonstration, pictures and realia

how is the ddirect method presented in class

only speaking and listening skills are taught

what language skills are taught

some success in private schools but difficult to implement in public schools

Drawbacks of direct method 1.

dependent on native teachers

Drawbacks of direct method 2

exclusive use of TL impractical and unrealistic-verbal gymnastics

Drawbacks of direct method 3

neglected reading and writing skills

Drawbacks of direct method 4