MSA Microbio Enzyme quiz stuff maybe

What is metabolism?

Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions in an organism.

What are the two primary classes of metabolism?

Catabolism and Anabolism.

What is catabolism?

Catabolism is the degradative process that breaks down large molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy.

What is anabolism?

Anabolism is the biosynthetic process that builds complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy.

What is the basic ATP cycle?

1. Catabolism releases energy by breaking bonds in complex polymers, trapping it as ATP. 2. Monomers and ATP are used in Anabolism. 3. Anabolism uses ATP to form new bonds, polymerizing simple compounds.

What is activation energy?

Activation energy is the energy required to disrupt stable electron configurations and increase the number of collisions.

How do catalysts affect activation energy?

Catalysts speed up reactions by lowering the required activation energy.

What are biological catalysts?

Biological catalysts are enzymes, usually proteins, that accelerate reactions without being consumed.

What is the typical naming convention for enzymes?

Most enzymes end in -ase, with exceptions like renin, pepsin, and trypsin.

What is the enzyme-substrate complex?

The temporary union of an enzyme and its substrate at the active site, increasing collision chances.

What is a holoenzyme?

A holoenzyme is the complete, active enzyme, consisting of an apoenzyme and a cofactor.

What is an apoenzyme?

The inactive protein portion of an enzyme.

What is a cofactor?

A nonprotein component that can be a metal ion or a coenzyme.

What does hydrolase do?

Hydrolase adds water to break chemical bonds.

What does hydrase do?

Hydrase removes water to form new bonds.

What is the function of oxidase?

Oxidase transfers electrons for oxidation.

What is the role of transferase?

Transferase transfers functional groups between molecules.

What does desmolase (lyase) do?

Desmolase helps split or form carbon-to-carbon (C-C) bonds.

What is the function of isomerase?

Isomerase rearranges the geometry or structure of a molecule.

What does ligase do?

Ligase joins two molecules using energy from ATP/GTP hydrolysis.

How do you differentiate GNRs using the oxidase test?

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is oxidase positive; Proteus mirabilis is oxidase negative.

How do you differentiate GPC yellow colonies using the oxidase test?

Micrococcus luteus is oxidase positive; Staphylococcus aureus is oxidase negative.

What are factors that affect enzyme efficiency?

Concentration, temperature, pH, activators, heavy metals, pressure, ionic strength.

What is competitive inhibition?

Competitive inhibition occurs when the inhibitor fills the active site and competes with the substrate.

What is non-competitive inhibition?

Non-competitive inhibition occurs when the inhibitor binds to an allosteric site, changing the enzyme's shape.

What is substrate inhibition?

Substrate inhibition occurs when excessive amounts of substrate slow down the reaction rate.

What is oxidation?

Oxidation is the removal of electrons, often involving losing hydrogen.

What is reduction?

Reduction is the gain of one or more electrons.

What are electron carriers?

Electron carriers like NAD+ and FAD act as coenzymes that pick up electrons during oxidation.