Chapter 13: Nervous System (Part 2) - Disease/disorders & Diagnostic terms

electroencephalography (EEG)

The recording and analysis of the electrical activity of the brain; The diagnosis of brain death may require electroencephalography of the brain is absent; The record obtained is an electroencephalogram.

Electromyography

The preparation, study, and interpretation of an electromyogram; A graphic record of the contractions of a muscle as a result of electrical stimulation.

Myelography

The radiographic inspection of the spinal cord by injection of a radiopaque medium.

Subdural

Accumulation of blood beneath the dura mater.

Epidural

Blood accumulates in the epidural space, the space outside the dura mater.

Intracerebral hematoma

Bleeding occurs within the brain.

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)

Normal blood supply to the brain as been disrupted; CVA results in insufficient oxygen to brain tissue, caused by hemorrhage, occlusion (closing), or constriction of the blood vessels that normally supply oxygen to the brain; Paralysis, weakness, speech defect, and pother complications, as well as death, may occur.

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

Caused by a brief interruption in cerebral blood flow; The term ischemic pertains to deficient blood circulation; TIA symptoms often include disturbance of normal vision, dizziness, weakness, and numbness.

Hydrocephalus

Fluid accumulation in the skull; Disorders such as brain tumors that interfere with the flow of cerebrospinal fluid causes hydrocephalus; The fluid accumulation is usually accompanied by increased intracranial pressure.

Cerebral Aneurysm

A ,localized dilation of the wall for a cerebral artery; Can lead to rupture and hemorrhagic stroke; May require cerebral angiography for diagnosis.

Akinesia

Complete or partial loss of muscle movement.

Bradykinesia

Abnormal slowness of movement or sluggishness of mental and physical processes.

Hyperkinesia

Abnormally increased activity or motor function.

Anesthesia

Partial or complete loss of sensation with or without loss of consciousness and resulting from disease, injury, or administration of an anesthetic.

Aphagia

Inability or refusal to swallow. It is characterized by abstention from eating because swallowing is painful.

Aphasia

Absence or impairment of the ability to communicate through speech, writing, or signs; it results from a brain dysfunction.

Dysphasia

Speech impairment caused by a lesson int he brain; characterized by lack of coordination and failure to arrange word properly.

Cephalalgia

Headache, or pain in the head.

Neuralgia

Pain along the course of a nerve.

Cerebral Concussion

Loss of consciousness, either temporary or prolonged, as a result of a blow to the head.

cerebral contusion

Bruising of brain tissue as a result of head injury.

cerebral hemorrhage

The result of the rupture of a sclerosed or diseased blood vessel in the brain.

Coma

A state of unconsciousness from which the patients cannot be aroused, even by powerful stimulation.

diplegia

Paralysis affecting parts on both sides of the body.

hemiplegia

Paralysis of one side of the body.

Paraplegia

Paralysis of the legs and lower part of the body.

quadriplegia

Paralysis of all four extremities. This is also called tetraplegia.

Cerebral Palsy

A brain disorder characterized by paralysis and lack of muscle coordination; It results from development defects in the brain or trauma at birth.

Myasthenia Gravis

A disease characterized by muscle weakness and abnormal fatigue.

Epilepsy

A group of neurologic disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of convulsive seizures, sensory disturbance, loss of consciousness, or all of these.

Multiple Sclerosis

A chronic disease of the central nervous system I which there is progressive destruction of the myelin sheaths of the neurons.

Parkinson Disease

A chronic nervous disease characterized by a fine, slowly spreading tremor, muscular weakness, rigidity, and often a peculiar gate.

Meningocele

Herniation of the meninges through a defect in the skull or vertebral column.

craniocele

Protrusion of the brain through a defect in the skull.

Encephalocele

Hernial protrusion of brain substance through a congenital or traumatic opening of the skull; craniocele.

Meningitis

Inflammation of the meninges.

Encephalitis

Inflammation of the brain.

Encephalomeningitis

Inflammat

Neuritis

Inflammation of a nerve.

Myelitis

Inflammation of the bone marrow or inflammation of the spinal cord.

Encephalomalacia

Softening of the brain.

Encephalopathy

Any disease of the brain.

Neuropathy

Any disease of the nerves.

narcolepsy

A chronic ailment involving sudden attacks of sleep that occur at intervals.

Shingles

An acute, infectious eruption of vesicles, usually on the trunk of the body along a peripheral nerve.

Psychosomatic

Pertaining to the mind-body relationship or having body symptoms of emotional origin.

Psychosis

Gross impairment in reality testing, such as schizophrenia.

Mental disorders in which the symptoms are distressing to the person, reality testing is intact, behavior does not violate gross social norms.

Autism

Characterized by withdrawal and impaired social interaction and communication.

Attention Deficient Disorder (ADD)

Demonstrate short attention span and poor concentration.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Hyperkinesia, Hyperactivity, Hyperkinesis; Above normal movement.

Mental retardation

Disorder characterized by a sub average general intelligence with deficits or impairments in the ability to learn and adapt socially.

Dementia

Progressive mental disorders characterized by chronic personality disintergration, confusion, disorientation and deterioration of intellectual capacity and function.

Alzheimer Disease

Progressive mental deterioration, often with confusion disorientation, restlessness, speech disturbances, and inability to carry out purposeful movements.

Anxiety

Is anticipation of impending danger and dread; A permanent state of nervousness, worry, and apprehension can lead to depression.

Post traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Ana cute emotional response after a traumatic event or situation involving severe environmental stress.

Panic attack

An episode of acute anxiety that occurs unpredictably.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Recurrent and persistent thoughts, ideas, and feeling sufficient to cause distress or interfere with activities of daily living.

Dissociation

Emotions are so repressed there may be confusion in identity and a spit or separation of personality.

Antisocial behavior

Acts against the rights of others or contrary to societal standards.

Paranoia

There are persistent delusions of persecution accompanied by distrust and combativeness.

Somatoform Disorders

Characterized by symptoms suggestions physical illness or disease, which cannot be demonstrated.

Hypochondriasis

Unrealistic interpretation of physical symptoms despite evidence to the contrary.

Pseudoplegia

Loss of muscle power without actual neurological paralysis.

Neurasthenia

A nervous disorder characterized by weakness and sometimes nervous exhaustion. It is believed by some to be psychosomatic, although it is often associated with a depressed state.

Phobias

A persistent, irrational, intense fear of something specific.

Acrophobia

Fear of heights

Claustrophobia

Fear of enclosed spaces

Pyrophobia

Fear of life

Agoraphobia

Fear of open/public places.

Zoophobia

Fear of animals

Phobophobia

Fear of acquiring a phobia

Arachnophobia

Fear of spiders.

Anorexia Nervosa

Characterized by a prolonged refusal to eat, resulting is wasting, emotional disturbance concerning body image, and fear of becoming obese.

Bulimia

An uncontrolled desire for food that results in continuous eating; Followed by purging and depression.

Clinical depression

An emotional state with exaggerated feelings of sadness, despair, discouragement, emptiness and hopelessness.

Mania

An unstable emotional state that includes excessive excitement, elation, ideas, and psychomotor activities.

bipolar disorder

Occurrence of manic episodes, major depressive episodes or mixed moods.

craniotomy

Any surgery opening intro the skull.

craniectomy

Surgical removal of a portion of the skull to perform surgery on the brain.

cranioplasty

surgical repair of the skull after surgery or injury to the skull.

neuroplasty

Plastic Surgery to repair a nerve or nerves.

neurorrhaphy

Surgical suturing of a cut nerve.

Analgesics

Relieve pain without causing loss of consciousness.

Nerve Block

Temporarily blockk transmission of nerve impulses.

Hypnotics

Drugs often used as sedatives to produce a calming effect.

Anticonvulsants

Relieve our prevent convulsions.