26: Urinary and Reproductive Tract Diseases Practice Flashcards

A comprehensive set of vocabulary flashcards covering pathogens, symptoms, and diagnostic tests for urinary and reproductive tract diseases.

Cystitis

An infection of the bladder typically caused by the upward migration of $Escherichia\,coli$; characterized by dysuria, pyuria, and hematuria.

Dysuria

Painful urination commonly associated with urinary tract infections.

Pyuria

The presence of pus in the urine.

Leptospirosis

A zoonotic disease caused by the Gram-negative spirochete $Leptospira\,interrogans$, primarily contracted through contact with water or soil contaminated by animal urine.

Darkfield microscopy

The specialized visualization technique used to identify thin, tightly coiled spiral bacteria like $Leptospira\,interrogans$ and $Treponema\,pallidum$.

Weil's disease

A severe progression of Leptospirosis characterized by jaundice, kidney failure, liver failure, and pulmonary hemorrhage.

Conjunctival suffusion

Red eyes without pus, a characteristic symptom of Leptospirosis.

Nongonococcal Urethritis (NGU)

Inflammation of the urethra not caused by $Neisseria\,gonorrhoeae$, most commonly caused by the obligate intracellular bacterium $Chlamydia\,trachomatis$.

Nucleic Acid Amplification Testing (NAAT)

The gold standard diagnostic test for detecting $Chlamydia\,trachomatis$, $Mycoplasma$, and $Neisseria\,gonorrhoeae$.

Pyelonephritis

A kidney infection often resulting from an ascending UTI, characterized by high fever, shaking chills, and severe flank pain.

White blood cell casts

Urinary findings that specifically point to kidney involvement, such as in cases of Pyelonephritis.

Glomerulonephritis

An autoimmune reaction in the kidney filters following a primary infection with $Streptococcus\,pyogenes$, resulting in hematuria and hypertension.

Red blood cell casts

A diagnostic indicator found in the urinalysis of patients with Glomerulonephritis.

Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)

Vaginal dysbiosis caused by an opportunistic overgrowth of $Gardnerella\,vaginallis$ when protective $Lactobacillus$ species decrease.

Clue Cells

Vaginal epithelial cells covered in bacteria, appearing fuzzy or stippled, used to diagnose Bacterial Vaginosis.

Metronidazole

The gold standard protozoan and anaerobic bacterial treatment used for Bacterial Vaginosis and Trichomoniasis.

Chancroid

An STI caused by $Haemophilus\,ducreyi$ that produces soft, painful genital ulcers with ragged borders and inguinal buboes.

Ophthalmia neonatorum

Severe neonatal conjunctivitis that can lead to blindness, caused by the transmission of $Neisseria\,gonorrhoeae$ during childbirth.

Gonorrhea

An STI caused by Gram-negative diplococci ($Neisseria\,gonorrhoeae$) presenting with profuse, thick, purulent yellowish-green discharge.

Syphilis

A systemic infection caused by the spirochete $Treponema\,pallidum$ that progresses through primary (chancre), secondary (rash), latent, and tertiary stages.

Chancre

A localized, painless, hard-bordered circular ulcer at the site of entry during the primary stage of Syphilis.

Gummas

Rubbery, destructive tissue masses associated with tertiary Syphilis.

Genital Herpes

An infection caused by HSV-2 characterized by clusters of painful, fluid-filled vesicles on an erythematous base.

Sacral nerve ganglia

The site where Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 establishes a lifelong, latent infection.

Acyclovir

A systemic antiviral medication used to treat primary outbreaks and provide suppressive therapy for Genital Herpes.

Neonatal Herpes

A critical condition in newborns manifesting as Localized (SEM), Central Nervous System (CNS) disease, or Disseminated disease.

Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

A non-enveloped dsDNA virus; types 6 and 11 cause genital warts, while types 16 and 18 are high-risk for cancer.

Condylomata acuminata

Painless, flesh-colored, soft, bumpy growths (genital warts) caused by HPV.

Candidiasis

A fungal overgrowth of $Candida\,albicans$ causing intense pruritus and a thick, white, 'cottage cheese-like' discharge.

Pseudohyphae

Elongated structures formed by budding yeast cells of $Candida\,albicans$ during active tissue invasion.

Trichomoniasis

An infection caused by a motile, flagellated protozoan, resulting in a foul-smelling, frothy, greenish-yellow discharge.

Strawberry cervix

A clinical sign of Trichomoniasis (colpitis macularis) involving tiny punctate hemorrhages on the cervix.

Case Study 1: A 30-year-old man presents with painful urination, a frequent urge to urinate, and blood in his urine. He mentions recently returning from a camping trip where he waded into a stagnant pond. What is the likely disease or causative agent?

Cystitis caused by $Escherichia\text{ coli}$.

Case Study 2: A 45-year-old woman shows up at the clinic with severe flank pain, fever, and chills, and reports a recent urinary tract infection. What is the likely disease or causative agent?

Pyelonephritis.

Case Study 3: A 25-year-old female presents with a fishy odor in her vaginal discharge, which has increased after sexual intercourse. Microscopic examination shows clue cells. What is the likely disease or causative agent?

Bacterial Vaginosis caused by $Gardnerella\text{ vaginalis}$.

Case Study 4: A newborn baby develops severe conjunctivitis shortly after birth. The mother had a history of untreated gonorrhea. What is the likely disease or causative agent?

Ophthalmia neonatorum caused by $Neisseria\text{ gonorrhoeae}$.

Case Study 5: A patient presents with a painless ulcer on the genital area. A physical examination reveals swollen inguinal lymph nodes. What is the likely disease or causative agent?

Chancroid caused by $Haemophilus\text{ ducreyi}$.

Case Study 6: A 50-year-old man is diagnosed with a systemic infection that started with a painless sore, followed by a rash and then latent infection. What is the likely disease or causative agent?

Syphilis caused by $Treponema\text{ pallidum}$.

Case Study 7: A woman presents with intense itching and thick white discharge. A KOH preparation shows pseudohyphae. What is the likely disease or causative agent?

Candidiasis caused by $Candida\text{ albicans}$.

Case Study 8: A patient presents with a burning sensation during urination and a yellowish-green discharge with a foul odor. Microscopic examination finds motile flagellated protozoa. What is the likely disease or causative agent?

Trichomoniasis.

Case Study 1: A 26-year-old woman presents with painful urination, constant urgency, and lower abdominal discomfort. She has just returned from a hiking trip and mentions being exposed to stagnant water. What is the likely disease or causative agent?

Cystitis caused by $Escherichia\text{ coli}$.

Case Study 2: A 50-year-old male presents with fever, chills, flank pain, and nausea after having a recent urinary tract infection. What is the likely disease or causative agent?

Pyelonephritis.

Case Study 3: A 30-year-old female reports a persistent fishy odor from her vaginal discharge, which she says worsens after intercourse. Upon examination, clue cells are observed. What is the likely disease or causative agent?

Bacterial Vaginosis caused by $Gardnerella\text{ vaginalis}$.

Case Study 4: A newborn presents with conjunctivitis on the second day after delivery. The mother had a history of untreated gonorrhea during pregnancy. What is the likely disease or causative agent?

Ophthalmia neonatorum caused by $Neisseria\text{ gonorrhoeae}$.

Case Study 5: A 35-year-old male approaches the clinic with a painful ulcer on his genitals and swollen lymph nodes in the groin area. What is the likely disease or causative agent?

Chancroid caused by $Haemophilus\text{ ducreyi}$.

Case Study 6: A 45-year-old female is assessed for a systemic infection with symptoms that include a painless sore, subsequent rash, and potential latent infection. What is the likely disease or causative agent?

Syphilis caused by $Treponema\text{ pallidum}$.

Case Study 7: A 28-year-old woman reports intense itching and a thick, curd-like discharge. A microscopic examination reveals the presence of pseudohyphae. What is the likely disease or causative agent?

Candidiasis caused by $Candida\text{ albicans}$.

Case Study 8: A 40-year-old male presents with a burning sensation during urination and shows a frothy, yellowish-green discharge. Microscopic examination reveals motile flagellated protozoa. What is the likely disease or causative agent?

Trichomoniasis.