thermo

Thermodynamics is the study of the effects of work, heat, and energy on a __________.

system

The three fundamental quantities in thermodynamics include temperature (T), internal energy (U), and __________.

entropy (S)

Internal energy (U) is defined as the total energy stored in the __________ and molecules within a substance.

atoms

Entropy (S) measures the __________ or randomness in a system.

disorder

The First Law of Thermodynamics is represented by the formula: Change in U = Q - __________.

W

According to the Second Law of Thermodynamics, heat flows naturally from a __________ object to a cold one.

hot

According to the Third Law of Thermodynamics, it is impossible for any system to reach __________.

absolute zero (0 Kelvin)

An adiabatic process is defined as a process that transfers __________ heat (Q = 0).

no

In an isothermal process, to maintain thermal equilibrium, heat flow must be slow enough to allow the system to exchange heat with its __________.

surroundings

In an isobaric process, the work done is represented by the formula: W = P(change in __________).

V

An isochoric process involves a constant volume, where __________ work is done on the surroundings (W = 0).

no

Thermodynamic properties are categorized into intensive and __________ variables.

extensive

A __________ is a device that transforms heat into work.

heat engine

The Carnot cycle is a cyclical process that uses only __________ processes.

reversible

The area enclosed by the curves in the Carnot cycle diagram represents the __________ done by the engine in one cycle.

net work

The 0th law of thermodynamics states that if two objects are in thermal equilibrium with a third object, they are in __________ equilibrium with each other.

thermal

The __________ Law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.

1st

The 2nd Law states that some energy is always lost as heat, making __________ efficiency impossible.

100%

Real gases exhibit properties that cannot be entirely explained using the __________ gas law.

ideal

Thermodynamics does not focus on the atomic or __________ level.

molecular

The average energy of motion of the particles of a substance is measured by __________.

temperature (T)

Heat (Q) is defined as the energy transferred between objects at __________ temperatures.

different

According to C.P. Snow, you can't __________.

win

The change in internal energy (U) in an adiabatic expansion is __________.

negative

When a system compresses adiabatically, the work done (W) is __________.

negative

In an isothermal process for ideal gases, if ΔT is zero, then ΔU = __________.

0

Heat engines require a hot reservoir to supply energy and a __________ reservoir to accept excess energy.

cold

The __________ process involves constant pressure.

isobaric

In thermodynamics, intensive properties, like __________, do not depend on the amount of substance.

temperature

The Carnot cycle includes both __________ and isothermal processes.

adiabatic

In thermodynamic systems, equilibrium can be thermal, mechanical, phase, or __________.

chemical/material

The __________ Law of Thermodynamics defines that no system can reach absolute zero.

3rd

A process that transfers no heat is known as an __________ process.

adiabatic

The __________ of thermodynamics allows us to define temperature relative to an established standard.

0th Law