AGRON 550 EXAM 3

Question List the four benefits of pasture renovation.

Replaces old or diseased pasture species with healthy and improved varieties, Extends or increases pasture productivity, Improves forage quality, Increases animal productivity, Reduces soil erosion and surface runoff

Question What things (minimum two) should be considered when deciding renovation need and method?

Current condition, willingness or ability, money and effort, and time frame

Question Is buying low- and medium-quality seed desirable for pasture renovation?

False

Question What factors are important for successful pasture renovation?

Overgrazing management, soil testing, sod disturbance or suppression, and legume seeding

Question Which seasons are good timing for overgrazing?

Fall or early winter

Question What items are needed for soil sampling?

Soil probe, clean bucket, and soil sampling bag

Question What is the soil sampling depth for no-till systems?

4 inches

Question What is the soil sampling depth for pasture?

4 inches

Question What is the soil sampling depth for conventional tillage?

6-8 inches

Question How many composite samples are required for sandy, clay, and loam soils?

3

Question What are the two major types of lime materials?

Dolomite and calcite

Question Which lime material should be applied when soil magnesium is low?

Dolomite

Question What are the four Rs of nutrient management?

Right source, right rate, right time, and right place

Question Why should legumes be included in pasture renovation?

They improve protein levels and reduce pest infestations

Question Which forage species fixes the most nitrogen per acre per year?

Alfalfa

Question Research in Georgia shows tall fescue plus 150 lb N per acre produced more ADG than tall fescue plus Ladino white clover.

False

Question What portion of legumes in a pasture does not require nitrogen fertilizer?

30-40 percent

Question At what grass height can cattle begin grazing?

6-8 inches

Question What is the best forage species for frost seeding?

Red clover

Question What is the main mechanism that makes frost seeding effective?

Freezing and thawing

Question What is the most common seeding method used for frost seeding?

Broadcasting

Question What is the optimum moisture for corn silage?

The optimum moisture for corn silage is approximately sixty-five percent.

Question Seepage, high butyric acid content, clostridial fermentation, and higher pH are problems associated with what?

These problems are associated with high-moisture silage.

Question Poor packing, heating, and lower starch and fiber digestibility are problems associated with what?

These problems are associated with low-moisture silage.

Question Which has greater dry matter loss, a covered bunker silo or an upright silo?

Covered bunker silos have greater dry matter loss compared to upright silos.

Question What effect does spoilage have on feed intake?

Spoilage causes feed intake to decrease.

Question At what stage of silage fermentation do plants use oxygen?

Plants use oxygen during the aerobic fermentation stage.

Question When should corn be harvested for silage?

Corn should be harvested when the milk line is one-half to three-quarters down the kernel.

Question To what length should forage be chopped for silage?

Forage should be chopped to approximately three-eighths to one-half inch.

Question Ensiling causes a decrease in acidity. True or false?

False. Ensiling increases acidity by lowering pH.

Question The harvesting stage for corn silage is based on what kernel characteristic?

The harvesting stage is based on the milk line.

Question What is the most desirable organic acid in silage fermentation?

Lactic acid is the most desirable organic acid.

Question A vinegar smell indicates high concentrations of which organic acid?

A vinegar smell indicates high concentrations of acetic acid.

Question What three toxic gases are produced during silage making?

Nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, and dinitrogen tetroxide.

Question A putrid or fishy smell indicates high concentrations of which organic acid?

A putrid smell indicates high concentrations of butyric acid.

Question During which stage are lactic acid bacteria active?

Lactic acid bacteria are active during anaerobic fermentation.

Question A nail polish smell indicates high concentrations of what compound?

A nail polish smell indicates high concentrations of ethyl ester.

Question A sweet, fruity smell indicates high concentrations of what compound?

A sweet, fruity smell indicates high alcohol or ethanol concentration.

Question An earthy smell indicates low pH. True or false?

False.

Question What is the second stage of silage fermentation?

The second stage is anaerobic fermentation.

Question Higher acetic acid concentration is better in silage analysis. True or false?

False.

Question What are the four stages of silage fermentation?

The four stages are aerobic fermentation, anaerobic fermentation, storage, and feed-out.

Question Total nitrogen (N) is 100% true protein

False

Question What does RFV stand for?

Relative Feed Value

Question What molecule adds rigidity but is indigestible to livestock?

Lignin

Question What does BMR stand for and why is it important in sorghum?

Brown Mid Rib. indicates lower lignin concentration

Question How do you calculate crude protein?

Total nitrogen (%) multiplied by 6.25

Question Full bloom alfalfa has an RFV of what value?

100

Question What happens when ADF and NDF increase?

Intake, energy, nutrients, and feeding value decrease

Question Why are plants grown at lower temperatures more digestible?

Lower lignin concentration

Question What is an example of non-protein nitrogen?

Urea

Question RFQ requires what measurement instead of DDM?

Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN)

Question ADF consists of which two components?

Cellulose Lignin

Question Which has higher protein grasses or legumes?

: Legumes

Question Cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin are what type of carbohydrate?

Structural carbohydrates

Question Nutritive value is determined by which three components?

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids

Question The In Vitro (IVDMD) and In Situ Bag methods measure what?

Digestibility

Question Dry matter intake (DMI) is determined using which fiber measurement?

Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF)

Question NDF consists of which three components?

Hemicellulose, Cellulose, Lignin

Question Digestible dry matter (DDM) is determined using which fiber measurement?

Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF)

Question Where is bypass protein digested and absorbed?

Small intestine

Question Proteins not digested in the rumen are called what?

Rumen bypass proteins

Question RFV has traditionally been used for which forage species?

Alfalfa

Question What are the two major types of carbohydrates?

Structural and non-structural carbohydrates

Question What is the equation for percent moisture content?

100 minus percent dry matter (DM)

Question RFQ is better for grasses and legume-grass mixtures.

True

Question What two measurements are used to calculate RFV?

Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF)

Question List four factors affecting forage quality.

Stage of maturity, Temperature, Moisture, Soil fertility, Pests, Species, Plant parts

What is the desirable moisture content for safe hay storage? Answer

Less than 16 percent

What is the second step in the hay making process? Answer

Conditioning

What is the crude protein value for Supreme alfalfa hay? Answer

22 percent or higher

Hay should not be harvested after what weather condition? Answer

Rain

What is one advantage of using a wide swath? Answer

Faster drying

What is the main reason for conditioning hay? Answer

To allow moisture to evaporate more quickly by crushing stems

Name two types of hay conditioners. Answer

Flail conditioners and rubber intermeshing roll conditioners

Bales should be protected from what three things? Answer

Rain or wet soils, dust, and mold

What can wet hay cause? Answer

Mildew or spontaneous combustion

When should alfalfa be cut for hay? Answer

Late bud to ten percent bloom

Leafiness, color, odor, softness, and harvest stage are factors of what? Answer

Hay quality

Stirring or fluffing hay to allow the underside to dry is called what? Answer

Tedding

What step happens immediately before baling? Answer

Raking

What are two types of hay rakes? Answer

Rotary rakes and wheel rakes

What is a major benefit of large square bales? Answer

They are easy to ship

What is the most important factor in evaluating hay quality? Answer

Stage of maturity at harvest

What is the second most important factor in evaluating hay quality? Answer

Leafiness

What parameters matter most to horse owners when buying hay? Answer

Color, leafiness, odor, mold presence, and dust

What is the optimum stage of maturity for making tall fescue hay? Answer

Late boot stage

What should be done to bales stored outside to prevent damage? Answer

Cover the bales

When should bromegrass and reed canarygrass be cut for hay? Answer

When seed heads have emerged

What are the three goals of hay management? Answer

Yield, quality, and persistence

What is the major benefit of small square bales? Answer

They are easy to handle and stack

What is drying hay to a moisture level safe for storage called? Answer

Curing

What can cause high ash levels in hay? Answer

Cutting too low, soil contamination, or stacking hay on the ground

List the steps of the hay-making process in order.

Cutting, conditioning, curing, raking, baling, and storage