Anatomy & Physiology 1: CH 2

Name the three subatomic particles and distinguish them in terms of charge, weight, and location of each.

proton (+1), neutron (zero charge) , electron (-1)

*proton and neutron located inside nucleus, electron located outside of nucleus

What is the difference between the atomic number and atomic weight of an atom of an element?

atomic number is the total number of protons in the nucleus

atomic weight is the sum of the protons and neutrons and their abundance weight.

How do isotopes of atoms of a particular element differ?

Atoms of the same element that have an identical number of protons but different amount of neutrons cause them to have different atomic masses with the same chemical properties.

Oxygen has an atomic number of 8. How many protons are present?

8

Oxygen has an atomic number of 8. How many electrons are present?

8

Oxygen has a total of 8 electrons to distribute. What is the final electron configuration?

1s2-2s2-2p4

Based on the electron configuration for Oxygen, how many valence electrons are present?

6

Based on the number of valence electrons in Oxygen, how will the atom react based on the Octet Rule.

Oxygen will either share or completely steal 2 electrons to fill its valence shell to 8

Define an Ionic Bond and give an example.

a chemical bond formed between positive charged cations and negatively charged anions (ex. Sodium Chloride, NaCl)

Define a Covalent Bond and give an example.

a chemical bond formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons to fill their outer electron shell (ex. Water H2O)

Define a Hydrogen Bond and give an example.

a weak chemical bond formed when a positive hydrogen atom attracts to a partially positive or negative atom (ex. H2O)

Name the four types of chemical reactions

Synthesis, Decomposition, Single-Displacement, Double Displacement

List 4 inorganic substances of importance to humans.

Water, Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Electrolytes (Mineral Salts)

List and discuss the characteristics of water.

high specific heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, cohesion and adhesion, expansion upon freezing, universal solvent

4 Major Organic Substances

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

What is the building block and general function of carbohydrates?

monosaccharides; general function is to serve as the primary, fast-acting energy source for cells and provide structural support

What is the building block and general function of lipids?

fatty acids; general function is to provide long-term energy storage

What is the building block and general function of proteins?

amino acids; general function is to build and repair body tissues

What is the building block and general function of nucleic acids?

nucleotides; general function is to store and transmit DNA and direct RNA within the cell

Name 3 Monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, galactose

Name 3 Disaccharides

sucrose, lactose, maltose

Name 2 Polysaccharides, whether each is a plant or animal carbohydrate, and name the tissue where the animal carbohydrate is stored.

2 polysaccharides: starch (plant) and glycogen (animal)

• Glycogen, an animal carbohydrate, is stored in the liver and skeletal muscle tissues

Distinguish between the three types of lipids, in terms of structure and function.

• triglycerides: functions as source of long-term energy storage; made of one glycerol bonded to 3 fatty acid chains

• phospholipids: functions as structural bilayer of all cell membranes; made of one glycerol bonded to 2 fatty acid chains and 1 phosphate group

• steroids: functions as critical signaling molecules and structural components; made of 4 hydrocarbon rings

Compare and contrast saturated and unsaturated fats.

Saturated fats only contain single bonds and are solid at room temperature, while unsaturated fats contain one or more double bonds and are liquid at room temperature.

Describe the levels of structural organization of a protein and explain the significance of a protein's conformation on its overall function.

Primary: linear amino acids linked together by covalent peptide bonds

Secondary: folding of polypeptide backbone, stabilized by hydrogen bonds
Tertiary: three-dimensional folding of a single polypeptide chain

Quaternary: two or more distinct polypeptide chains form into one macromolecule

List and discuss the many functions of proteins

• Enzymes: catalyze and speed up biochemical reactions

• Structure: provide physical framework and strength to tissues

• Transport: move molecules and gases throughout the body

• Defense: protects the body from pathogens and injury

• Movement: drives muscle contraction and cellular motion

• Regulation: coordinates bodily activities as hormones and cell reports

• Balance: maintains proper fluid distribution and blood pH levels

Discuss the structure of a nucleotide

Nucleic Acids consist of three chemically bonded components: pentose sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

List three differences between DNA and RNA.

1. Pentose Sugar: (DNA contains deoxyribose sugar, RNA contains ribose sugar)

2. Nitrogenous Bases: DNA pairs thymine (T) to adenine, RNA pairs uracil (U) with adenine

3. Strand Structure: DNA is double-stranded and stores long-term, RNA is single-stranded and acts as short term messenger

Name the two types of nucleic acids, describe the structure of each, and give a general function for each molecule.

DNA (double-stranded made up of adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine)

RNA (single-stranded made up of adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine)