Ap World Modern Unit 1.4-1.6

Crusaders

Christians of Europe in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries that fought for the recovery of the Holy Land from the Muslims

Mississippian Culture

Last of the mound-building cultures of North America; flourished between 800 and 1300 C.E.; featured large towns and ceremonial centers; lacked stone architecture of Central America.

Matrilineal Society

a society in which descent & inheritance come through the mother's kinship line

Cahokia

an ancient settlement of southern Indians, located near present day St. Louis, it served as a trading center for 40,000 at its peak in A.D. 1200.

Mound Builders

native american civilizations of the eastern region of north america that created distinctive earthen works that served as elaborate burial places

city-states

a city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state.

Mexica

The name given to themselves by the Aztec people

Theocracy

A government controlled by religious leaders

human sacrifice

a person who is killed as part of a religious ritual

Pachacuti

Ruler of Inca society from 1438 to 1471; launched a series of military campaigns that gave Incas control of the region from Cuzco to the shores of Lake Titicaca

Mita System

The system recruiting workers for particularly difficult and dangerous chores that free laborers would not accept.

Carpa Nan

during Incan rule, this is a massive roadway system made possible by captive labor, stretched 25,00 miles

Temple of the Sun

Inca religious center located at Cuzco; center of state religion; held mummies of past Incas

Animism

Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life.

Kin-based networks

Relation between two or more people that is based on common ancestry or marriage

Swahili

Bantu language with Arabic loanwords spoken in coastal regions of East Africa.

Zanj Rebellion

A series of revolts by slaves working on sugar plantations in Mesopotamia, led by Ali bin Muhammad

Trans-Saharan Trade

route across the sahara desert. Major trade route that traded for gold and salt, created caravan routes, economic benefit for controlling dessert, camels played a huge role in the trading

Indian Ocean Trade

world's richest maritime trading network that was essential for the prosperity of East Africa

Indian Ocean Slave Trade

E. Africa -> Middle East & India/ Similar conditions to the Atlantic Slave Trade/ Cultural Diffusion

chief

leader

Ghana

First known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the sixth and thirteenth centuries C.E. Also the modern West African country once known as the Gold Coast. gold and salt trade.

Mali

Empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the thirteenth to fifteenth century. It was famous for its role in the trans-Saharan gold trade.

Zimbabwe

a country of southern Africa. Various Bantu peoples migrated into the area during the first millennium, displacing the earlier San inhabitants

Ethiopia

A Christian kingdom that developed in the highlands of eastern Africa under the dynasty of King Lalaibela; retained Christianity in the face of Muslim expansion elsewhere in Africa

Magna Carta

the royal charter of political rights given to rebellious English barons by King John in 1215. Limits the king’s power

English Parliament

-Firmly established by the 14th century

-Gained power at the expense of the king

-Composed of the House of Lords (titled nobility) and the House of Commons (gentry and middle classes)

Manors

Large farm estates of the Middle Ages that were owned by nobles who ruled over the peasants living in the land

Manorial System

an economic system in the Middle Ages that was built around large estates called manors

three-field system

A rotational system for agriculture in which one field grows grain, one grows legumes, and one lies fallow. It gradually replaced two-field system in medieval Europe.

Serfs

A person who lived on and farmed a lords land in feudal times

Primogeniture

right of inheritance belongs exclusively to the eldest son

Bourgeoisie

middle class

Burghers

Merchant class town dwellers

Estates General

An assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes, in France.

Estates

social classes

Otto I

10th century ruler who became emperor of the German states through close ties with the Catholic church

Crusades

A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule.

Marco Polo

Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade.

Renaissance

"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome

Humanism

A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements

Lay Investiture Controversy

A disagreement between Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII about who should appoint church officials.

Great Schism

in 1054 this severing of relations divided medieval Christianity into the already distinct Eastern (Greek) and Western (Latin) branches, which later became known as the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church, respectively. Relations between East and West had long been embittered by political and ecclesiastical differences and theological disputes.

Antisemitism

Prejudice against Jews

Little Ice Age

A century-long period of cool climate that began in the 1590s. Its ill effects on agriculture in northern Europe were notable.