Nursing Theory and Health Assessment Practice Flashcards

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering nursing theories, fundamental nursing processes, medical terminology, and health assessment techniques based on lecture notes.

Theoria

The ancient Greek origin of the word 'Theory,' meaning looking at, viewing, or beholding.

Creative

A characteristic of theory that underscores the role of human imagination and vision in its development.

Tentative

A characteristic of theory meaning it is open to revision as new evidence emerges.

Purposeful

A characteristic of theory suggesting a direction in how to view facts and events.

Systematic

A characteristic of theory that follows a step-by-step process.

Phenomena

Aspects of reality that people consciously sense or experience; something that strikes one as strange, unusual, unaccountable, or remarkable.

Nursing Metaparadigms

Patterns used to show relationships among existing theoretical works in nursing; they include Person, Health, Environment, and Nursing.

Person (Metaparadigm)

The human being who is the recipient of nursing care (individual, family, community) and the focus of nursing practice.

Health (WHO Definition)

A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

Environment (Metaparadigm)

The person’s immediate physical surroundings, community, universe, and all it contains; both internal and external surroundings.

Nursing (Metaparadigm)

The profession concerned with the provision of services essential to the maintenance and restoration of health, including diagnosing and treatment of human responses.

Philosophy

Derived from the Greek word 'philosophia,' meaning 'love of wisdom.'

Conceptual Model

Representations of an idea and the interaction among concepts showing patterns; allows theory to be applied to practice.

Science

Derived from the Latin 'scientia,' meaning 'knowledge.'

Practice or Applied Sciences

Types of science that include nursing, engineering, and architecture.

Knowledge

Expertise and skills acquired by a person through experience or education.

Concepts

The building blocks of theory; ideas or thoughts conceived in the mind or words describing objects, properties, or events.

Empirical / Concrete Concept

A type of concept that can be observed or experienced through the senses, such as height or a stethoscope.

Abstract Concept

A type of concept that is not observable, such as caring or hope.

Theoretical Definition

Defining a word based on how a specific theory or literature perceives it.

Operational Definition

Defining a word based on the method of measurement or how it was perceived.

Discrete Concept

A concept that identifies categories or classes, such as marital status.

Continuous Concept

A concept that permits classification of dimensions or gradations, such as the degree of pain.

Empirical Knowing

Information gained by observation, experience, or experiment; objective and research-based factual information.

Ethics Knowing

Knowledge based on moral codes, principles of right and wrong, and respect for human life.

Aesthetics Knowing

Knowledge relying on perception and subjective experience to understand the meaning of the moment.

Personal Knowing

Knowledge of the self, maturity, self-awareness, and experience within practice.

Empiricism

The view that knowledge is derived only from sensory experience using the inductive method.

Rationalism

The view that knowledge comes from reason rather than experience using deductive logic.

Grand Theory

Abstract, broad theories providing a structural framework that do not easily lend to testing; examples include Nightingale and King.

Middle Range Theory

Moderately abstract theories focusing on specific phenomena like pain or health promotion; they are measurable and helpful to practice.

Micro Range Theory

Also called Practice Theory; the least complex, narrowly defined theories providing specific directions.

Environmental Theory (Nightingale)

Theory focused on manipulating the physical environment (ventilation, light, cleanliness) as a component of nursing care.

Need Theory (Henderson)

Theory identifying $14$ basic physiological, sociological, and spiritual needs to help patients gain independence.

Theory of Human Caring (Watson)

Theory stating that caring is central to nursing and more 'healthogenic' than curing; involves $10$ primary carative factors.

Transcultural Nursing (Leininger)

Focuses on cultural dynamics and comparative cultural care values to provide culturally congruent holistic care.

Health Promotion Model (Pender)

Defines health as a positive dynamic state and focuses on increasing a client's level of well-being.

Theory of Interpersonal Relations (Peplau)

Focuses on the nurse-patient relationship through four phases: Orientation, Identification, Exploitation, and Resolution.

Deliberative Nursing Process (Orlando)

Theory emphasizing that the nurse's role is to find out and meet the patient's immediate need for help.

Human to Human Relationship Model (Travelbee)

Describes phases of interaction including Original Encounter, Emerging Identities, Empathy, Sympathy, and Rapport.

Self-Care Deficit Theory (Orem)

States nursing is needed when there is a deficit in an individual's ability to perform self-care activities.

Science of Unitary Human Beings (Rogers)

The goal of nursing is to participate in the process of change directed toward the unitary human and human development.

Goal Attainment Theory (King)

Views nursing as a process of action, reaction, and interaction to attain, maintain, and restore health across individual, group, and social systems.

Adaptation Theory (Roy)

The goal of nursing is to promote adaptation via four modes: Physiologic-Physical, Self-Concept-Group Identity, Role Function, and Interdependence.

Regulator and Cognator

The two coping subsystems defined in Sister Callista Roy’s Adaptation Theory.

CASAGRA Transformative Leadership Model (Agravante)

A psycho-spiritual practice theory elements consisting of Servant-Leader Spirituality, Self-Mastery, and Special Expertise.

Care Complex

The nucleus of care experiences in a nurse's personality formed by maternal, cultural, and professional training (Agravante).

COMPOSURE (Divinagracia)

Acronym for COMpetence, Presence and Prayer, Openmindedness, Stimulation, Understanding, Respect and Relaxation, and Empathy.

Role Discontinuity (Kuan)

The interruption in status or roles performed due to retirement, accident, or change.

PREPARE ME Theory (Abaquin)

Interventions for advanced progressive cancer patients: Presence, Reminisce therapy, Prayer, Relaxation-breathing, Meditation, and Values clarification.

The 5 Cs of Caring

Compassion, Conscience, Competence, Confidence, and Commitment.

R.A. 9173

The Philippine Nursing Act of $2002$, governing nursing practice.

Primary Prevention

Level of prevention focusing on health promotion and disease prevention before illness occurs.

Secondary Prevention

Level of prevention focusing on early detection and prompt treatment.

Tertiary Prevention

Level of prevention focusing on rehabilitation and preventing complications.

Nursing Process

A systematic, rational method of planning and providing care consisting of Assessment, Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation, and Evaluation.

PES Format

The standard format for writing a nursing diagnosis: Problem, Etiology, and Signs/Symptoms.

SMART Goals

Goals that are Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, and Time-bound.

Asepsis

The absence of disease-causing microorganisms.

Medical Asepsis

Clean technique used to reduce and prevent the spread of microorganisms.

Surgical Asepsis

Sterile technique used to eliminate all microorganisms, including spores.

Chain of Infection

The sequence of events required for infection: Reservoir, Portal of Exit, Mode of Transmission, Portal of Entry, and Susceptible Host.

Nosocomial Infections

Also known as Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAI); infections acquired during hospitalization.

Erythema

The local sign of infection characterized by redness.

Edema

The local sign of infection characterized by swelling.

Fever / Pyrexia

A systemic sign of infection involving elevated body temperature.

Normal Oral Temperature

Range of $36.5^{\circ}C$ to $37.5^{\circ}C$.

Tachycardia

A pulse rate faster than $100\,\text{beats/min}$.

Bradycardia

A pulse rate slower than $60\,\text{beats/min}$.

Normal Respiratory Rate

Range of $12$ to $20\,\text{breaths/min}$ for adults.

Dyspnea

Difficult or labored breathing.

Systolic Pressure

The top number of blood pressure representing the force during heart contraction.

Diastolic Pressure

The bottom number of blood pressure representing the force during heart relaxation.

Hypertension

High blood pressure defined as $\ge 140/90\,mmHg$.

Orthostatic Hypotension

A temporary drop in blood pressure when standing up.

Atrophy

Muscle wasting due to disuse or immobility.

Decubitus Ulcer

A pressure injury caused by prolonged pressure on the skin.

Oliguria

Urine output less than $400\,mL$ per day.

The 10 Rights of Medication Administration

Right Patient, Drug, Dose, Route, Time, Documentation, Reason, Response, Education, and Refusal.

Anaphylaxis

A severe, life-threatening allergic reaction to a medication or substance.

Palliative Care

Care provided to terminally ill patients intended to improve quality of life.

Hospice Care

Care focusing on comfort and dignity during the end-of-life stage.

Beneficence

The ethical principle of doing good and acting in the patient's best interest.

Non-maleficence

The ethical principle of doing no harm.

Negligence

The failure to provide standard care resulting in harm.

Battery

The legal violation of unlawful touching without consent.

Assault

The legal violation of threatening or causing fear of harm.

Anatomy

The study of the shape and structure of the body.

Physiology

The study of how the body and its parts work or function.

Homeostasis

The maintenance of a stable internal environment despite external changes.

Negative Feedback

A mechanism that regulates body conditions back to a normal range (e.g., sweating to drop temperature).

Proximal

Directional term meaning closer to the point of attachment or origin.

Distal

Directional term meaning farther from the point of attachment.

Sagittal Plane

A plane dividing the body into left and right sections.

-itis

A suffix meaning inflammation.

-ectomy

A suffix meaning surgical removal.

Cyanosis

Blue discoloration of the skin due to a lack of oxygen.

Jaundice

Yellow skin or sclera discoloration due to liver issues or high bilirubin.

Osteoblast

A bone-forming cell responsible for building new bone matrix.

Sarcomere

The smallest functional and contractile unit of a muscle fiber.