Imperialism Test

Imperialism

Dominated by one country of the political, economic and/ or cultural life of another

Imperialist countries

England, France Russia. Belgium, Holland, Germany, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Japan, US

Causes of Imperialism

Nationalism, economic interests, social darwinism and racism

Conquered regions

Africa, Middle East, India, Asia, Southeast Asia, Caribbean, Central and South America

Forms of Imperial Rule

• Colonies—> A country or region governed internally by a foreign power

• Protectorates—> A country or territory with own internal government but under control of an outside power

• Spheres of Influence—>An area in which an outside power claimed exclusive trading privileges

African Resources

Ivory, copper, cloth, gold, diamonds, slave labor, rubber

Missionaries

• Purpose was to convert native people to Christianity

• Brought European influence with them

European scramble in Africa

Belgium: King Leopold II’s goal was to “civilize” natives

• Actually wanted profit from resources

• Colonized the Congo

• Set off scramble with other European countries

Berlin Conference

• 1884 in Berlin, Germany

• Europeans meet to avoid conflict

• Promoted free trade

• “Guaranteed” African pop. would be governed with humanity

• Impacts: Europeans partitioned the continent/ African map was redrawn with little regard for native population

European countries in Africa

France: Algeria, Tunisia, and external power in West+Central

Britain: West, East, Egypt, Sudan, South Africa

Portugal: Angola, Mozambique

Italy: Libya+ East

Germany: East +Southwest

India before Europeans

• Large rural society

• Most Indians were Hindu

• Large Muslim minority population

• Center of literature and learning

• Architecture among finest in world

• Vulnerable to Imperialism: turmoil between emperors

East India Company

• Private trading company with governmental powers

• tax raise armies, reach agreements w/ Indian princes

• First half of 19th century took over some regions directly

• Imperialized through economy (not army)

• India= source for raw materials: cotton, jute

• Labor

Sepoy Rebellion

• 1858

• Indian soldiers in British army required to serve anywhere overseas—> against local religions

• Many soldiers were Brahmins= highest caste in India

• New guns introduced= greased with animal fat (cows and pigs)

• Rebellion put down—> British take direct control of country

British Raj (colonial rule)

• 1858-1947

• Viceroy= British royal official who governed in the name of the queen

• British officials held top positions in government/army

Impacts of British rule

• Peace/stability in countryside

• Railroads/telegraphs=improved transportation/communication

• Ended slavery and caste system

• Improved position of women=allowed widows to remarry

• Outlawed sati+infanticide

• education

• jobs

• medical improvements

• Economy favored British

• Farming caused deforestation

• British culture and religion (forced on Indians)

• British dismissed Indian history, culture and religions

The Muslim world

• Extended from Northern Africa, Middle East, Southeast Asia

• 18th century: Muslim empires in decline (Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal)

Decline of the Muslim World

Causes:

• Internal problems—> government corruption

• Nationalist revolts among different ethnic groups wanting independence

• European imperialism

European influence in Muslim world

Ottoman Empire

• Imperialized by France, Britain, Russia and Germany

Egypt

• Suez Canal linked Mediterranean and Red sea

• Shortened Sea route from Europe to South and East Asia

• 1882: Britain made Egypt a protectorate

Iran

• Russia, Britain competed for oil fields= demanded economic privileges

Suez Canal

• Owned by British in Egypt

• Gave British easy access to India

• Connected Mediterranean and Red Sea

• Egypt got a lot of resources from trade along the canal

Qing Dynasty

• 1644-1912

• 17th+18th centuries: prosperous

• Late 18th century: large population caused problems/unrest for gov’t

• Food shortages

• corruption in government—> unable to respond in crises

Parts of the world where Japan expand its power and influence

• Korea

• Taiwan

• China

• Parts of French Indochina, British Malaysia, Burma etc. - Pacific

European imperialism begins

• reasons for European interests= Chinese tea

• new markets spread Christianity

• British opened Chinese markets through opium trade

Opium War

• 1839-42

• British military victory← Over trade of Opium as Chinese gov’t banned it due to dangerous addiction rates

• Treaty of Nanjing(1842): Agreement led to an unequal treaty that opened Chinese markets to west

• British gained possession of Hong Kong

• British citizens in China= exempt from local laws

• Christian missionaries allowed to preach in China

• British exclusive rights to trade w/ Chinese (before China was isolated from trade)

• 1842-1933=-91 France, Britain, Russia, Germany, Japan created Spheres of Influence

• Us= open door policy (1899-1900)- Equal trading privileges among imperialists with China

Japanese imperialism

Sino-Japanese war (1894)- China vs Japan

• Japan gained control of Chinese ports and control of Taiwan

Russo-Japanese war (1904-1905)- Japan vs Russia

• Us mediated a treaty to end war

• Japan gained Korea and Manchuria (China)

Boxer Rebellion (1900-1901)

• China declared war on foreign powers

• “Boxers”= secret organization → killed Christian missionaries

• Attacked Chinese cities and foreigners

• International forces ended rebellion

Spanish-American War (1898)

• US vs Spain for liberation of Cuba

Causes of War:

• Cubans want independence

• Americans want Spain out of Caribbean

• Americans attracted to sugar plantations/ cheap labor

US Victory

• Cuba wins independence

• Us gains Puerto Rico (Carribean) Philippines, Guam (Asia/ Pacific)

• Further US expansion: Panama Canal (Central America)

American Foreign policy

• Influenced by White Man’s Burden→ White supremacy

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

• President James Monroe initiated it

• Western hemisphere= no longer open for European colonization

• US would only regard any interference in western hemisphere as a threat to its security

• Theodore Roosevelt- President, imperialist

Roosevelt Corollary (1904)

• US would intervene to prevent intervention from other powers (European) in Latin America

• US wanted military bases in and access to Asian markets= Philippines and Hawaii

Resistance to Imperialism

Sepoy Rebellion (1857-58)

• Sparked by cultural religious tensions and resentment of British control

Opium War (1839-42, 1856-60)

• China’s attempt to resist British influence and economic imperialism

Boxer Rebellion

• A violent push to expel foreigners and missionaries from China

Philippine-American War (1899-1902)

• Filipinos resisted US annexation after Spanish rule ended

Big idea of resistance

• Resistance led to higher and more oppressive control by imperialists

• Resistance revolved determination of colonized peoples and violent power of Imperial forces

• Resistance led to increase anti-foreign presence in imperialized countries

• Short term failures sowed seeds of nationalism and independence in 20th century

Positive impacts of Imperialism

• Intro to technology and trade increase

• Brought modern farm equipment

• Created jobs

• Created modern banking systems

• Built modern transportation

• schools built

• hospitals built+ modern medicine

• Ended some harmful practices= sati and infanticide

Negative impacts of Imperialism

• Famine (12 under British)

• Took land= often destroyed environment

• Imposed heavy taxes

• Exploited labor

• Disrupted traditional economies

• Local economies→ dependent on industrial powers

• Racism; ethnocentrism

• Competition for imperial power fueled tension among western nations