IB ESS 2026 Topic 7.2
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24 Terms
Energy resource
A source from which usable energy can be obtained to meet human needs
Energy density
The amount of energy stored per unit mass or volume of a resource
Energy quality
The ease with which energy can be converted into useful work
Energy efficiency
The proportion of input energy that is converted into useful output energy
Net energy yield
The amount of usable energy obtained from a resource after subtracting the energy used to acquire it
Energy return on investment (EROI)
The ratio of energy gained from a resource to the energy expended to obtain it
Renewable energy
Energy derived from sources that are replenished naturally on a human timescale
Non-renewable energy
Energy derived from finite resources that will eventually be depleted
Fossil fuels
Non-renewable energy sources formed from ancient organic matter, including coal, oil, and natural gas
Energy security
The ability to ensure a stable and reliable supply of energy at an affordable cost
Energy mix
The relative contribution of different energy sources within a system or region
Base load
The minimum level of energy demand required over a given period
Peak demand
The highest level of energy demand within a given timeframe
Intermittency
The variability of energy supply from sources such as solar and wind due to environmental conditions
Grid
A network for distributing electricity from producers to consumers
Decarbonization
The process of reducing carbon emissions associated with energy production
Photovoltaic cells
Devices that convert solar radiation directly into electricity using semiconductor materials
Hydroelectric power
Energy generated by harnessing the movement of water through turbines
Wind energy
Energy produced by converting the kinetic energy of air movement into electricity
Geothermal energy
Energy derived from heat within the Earth's interior
Bioenergy
Energy produced from organic biological material, including biofuels and biomass
Nuclear energy
Energy released from nuclear fission reactions, characterized by high output and low direct carbon emissions
Combined heat and power (CHP)
A system that simultaneously generates electricity and useful thermal energy to increase efficiency
Energy transition
The shift from fossil fuel-based energy systems to renewable and low-carbon alternatives