HASS study

Population Density

The number of people living in a square kilometre (people per km²).

Australia's Population Density

Australia has a low population density of about 3-4 people per km².

Why does Australia have a low population density?

Large desert areas, limited water, and harsh climates in the interior.

Population Distribution

The pattern of where people live in a country.

Where do most Australians live?

Along the east, south-east, and south-west coasts.

Why do most Australians live near the coast?

Better climate, more jobs, access to water, transport, and services.

The Outback

The sparsely populated interior of Australia.

Why do fewer people live in the Outback?

Hot, dry conditions and limited services.

Internal Migration

Moving from one place to another within the same country.

Example of Internal Migration

Moving from a rural town to Sydney, Melbourne, or Perth.

Reasons for Internal Migration

Jobs, education, healthcare, and lifestyle opportunities.

International Migration

Moving from one country to another.

Immigrant

A person who moves into a country to live.

Effect of International Migration on Australia

Increases population growth and cultural diversity.

Migration

The movement of people from one place to another.

Main Causes of Migration

Employment, education, safety, family, and better living conditions.

Push Factors

Reasons that make people want to leave a place.

Examples of Push Factors

Unemployment, war, poverty, natural disasters, drought, poor services.

Why is unemployment a push factor?

People leave to find better jobs elsewhere.

Pull Factors

Reasons that attract people to a new place.

Examples of Pull Factors

More jobs, higher wages, safety, better education, healthcare, and housing.

Why are cities attractive to migrants?

They offer more opportunities and services.

Urbanisation

The increase in the number of people living in cities and urban areas.

Causes of Urbanisation

People move from rural areas to cities for jobs, education, and services.

Rural Area

The countryside where population density is low.

Urban Area

A city or town with a high population density.

Percentage of Australians living in urban areas

About 86%.

Percentage of Australians living in rural areas

About 14%.

Why is Australia highly urbanised?

Most jobs, services, and infrastructure are located in cities.

Push Factors in China

Low farm incomes, limited job opportunities, poverty, and fewer services in rural areas.

Why do people leave rural China?

To find better jobs and opportunities in cities.

Pull Factors in China

Higher wages, factory jobs, better education, healthcare, and housing.

Positive Social Impact of Urbanisation in China

Better access to schools, hospitals, and services.

Negative Social Impact of Urbanisation in China

Overcrowding, traffic congestion, and pressure on housing.

Positive Economic Impact of Urbanisation in China

More jobs, higher incomes, and economic growth.

Negative Economic Impact of Urbanisation in China

Increased cost of living and unemployment in some areas.

Positive Environmental Impact of Urbanisation in China

Improved public transport can reduce car use.

Negative Environmental Impact of Urbanisation in China

Air pollution, water pollution, and loss of farmland.

Memory Tip for Push Factors

Push = Problems making people leave.

Memory Tip for Pull Factors

Pull = Positives attracting people somewhere new.

Memory Tip for Urbanisation

Urbanisation = Rural → City.

Describe Australia’s population distribution using PQE:

Australia's population is unevenly distributed across the country. Most people live along the east, south-east and south-west coasts, while the inland areas have very few people. Around 85% of Australians live within 50 kilometres of the coast, showing that the population is concentrated near coastal areas. However, there are some exceptions to this pattern, such as inland cities like Canberra and Alice Springs, which have significant populations despite being away from the coast. This demonstrates that Australia's population is mainly clustered around the coast, with only a few inland exceptions.

PQE

PQE is a method used in Geography to describe data, maps, and graphs.

• P = Pattern – What is the general trend or arrangement?
  Example: Most Australians live near the coast.

• Q = Quantification – Use numbers, statistics, or measurements to support your description.
  Example: About 85% of Australians live within 50 km of the coast.

• E = Exceptions – Describe anything that does not fit the main pattern.
  Example: Some inland cities, such as Canberra and Alice Springs, have significant populations despite being far from the coast.

Why has Australia’s migration pattern changed since the 1970’s?

Australia's migration pattern has changed since the 1970s because the White Australia Policy ended. Before then, most migrants came from Europe, but after the policy was removed, people from countries all over the world could migrate to Australia. More migrants began arriving from Asia, and Australia also accepted more refugees. This has made Australia a more multicultural country.