Exam 4 Kin 223 (block 4)

The primary neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction is
dopamine.
adrenaline.
acetylcholine.
histamine.
serotonin.

acetylcholine.

Myofibrils are composed of protein filaments called actin and myosin.
true or false

true

A bundle of muscle fibers is known as a
myofilament.
fascicle.
sarcomere.
myofibril.

Fascicle

During tetany,
a muscle fiber under continuous stimulation and contraction becomes unable to contract at all until it has rested.
stimuli arrive at the muscle fiber at a rate that allows it to contract and then completely relax between each stimulus.
the stimuli arrive at the muscle fiber so rapidly that there is no muscle relaxation between stimuli, but rather, a continuous contraction of the muscle fiber.
a second stimulus arrives at the muscle before complete relaxation of the first contract

the stimuli arrive at the muscle fiber so rapidly that there is no muscle relaxation between stimuli, but rather, a continuous contraction of the muscle fiber.

Myoglobin provides muscle fibers with a means of supplying ATP anaerobically.
true or false

false

In a 1500-meter run, an event that may take about 5 to 6 minutes, ATP is supplied by which energy sources?
Phosphagens, anaerobic, and aerobic sources
Phosphagens only
Phosphagens and anaerobic sources
Aerobic sources only

Phosphagens, anaerobic, and aerobic sources

Smooth muscle cells lack transverse tubules.
true or false

true

The spring-like property that returns muscle to its original length after a contraction ends is
extensibility.
conductivity.
elasticity.
contractility.
treppe effect.

elasticity.

The property of muscle tissue that allows an impulse to travel down the entire length of the cell membrane is
extensibility.
conductivity.
contractility.
responsibility.
elasticity.

conductivity.

Which are the reservoirs that store the calcium required for muscle contraction?
Synaptic vesicles
Terminal cisternae
Peroxisomes
Synaptic clefts
Mitochondria

Terminal cisternae

The narrow space that separates the motor neuron and the skeletal muscle fiber in a neuromuscular junction is called the
synaptic cleft.
synaptic vesicle.
synaptic knob.
motor end plate.

synaptic cleft.

Myoglobin is a molecule within muscle cells that can bind
hemoglobin.
oxygen.
ATP.
creatine phosphate.
acetylcholine

oxygen

Which protein makes up the thick filaments?
Troponin
Actin
Tropomyosin
Myopathy
Myosin

Myosin

The repolarization of the action potential involves the opening of
chemically gated Na+ channels.
voltage-gated Na+ channels.
chemically gated K+ channels.
voltage-gated K+ channels.

voltage-gated K+ channels.

When an impulse arrives at the knob of the motor neuron, calcium
enters through voltage-gated channels and triggers the release of transmitter.
exits through voltage-gated channels and triggers transmitter release.
exits through active transport pumps and brings transmitter with it.
is released from synaptic vesicles.
enters through active transport pumps and triggers the release of transmitter.

enters through voltage-gated channels and triggers the release of transmitter.

Which is the neurotransmitter that causes the release of calcium ions from reservoirs within the muscle cell and thereby initiates the steps of contraction?
Norepinephrine
Serotonin
Acetylcholine
Acetylcholinesterase

Acetylcholine

Phosphate transfer is used for
immediate ATP needs and is not dependent on oxygen.
long term ATP needs and is not dependent on the presence of oxygen.
immediate ATP needs and is dependent on oxygen.
long term ATP needs and is dependent on oxygen.

immediate ATP needs and is not dependent on oxygen.

The type of fibers specialized to continue contracting for extended periods of time, as would be required in running a marathon, for example, are _____ fibers.
intermediate
fast-twitch
slow-twitch

slow-twitch

The most prevalent of skeletal muscle fibers in the body are _____ fibers.
fast-twitch
slow-twitch
intermediate

fast-twitch

In a lab, wave summation is demonstrated by increasing the _________ of the stimulus.
capacitance
frequency
warm up time
intensity

frequency

Events of excitation contraction coupling, such as the release of calcium from intracellular stores, occur during the ________ period of a muscle twitch.
latent
contraction
relaxation

latent

Which contraction occurs when you try (unsuccessfully) to move a wall?
Isometric
Isotonic

Isometric

Cardiac muscle cells tend to be thicker and shorter than skeletal muscle cells.
true or false

true

Which type of smooth muscle is innervated most similar to skeletal muscle, with muscle cells arranged as motor units and each cell stimulated by a single motor neuron?
Multiunit smooth muscle
Single-unit smooth muscle

Multiunit smooth muscle

The type of muscle fibers that have only a single nucleus, both thick and thin filaments, but no Z discs, are
cardiac.
cardiac and smooth.
smooth.
cardiac and skeletal.
skeletal.

smooth

The muscle that has its superior attachment on the mastoid process and has a bilateral action of flexing the neck is the
splenius capitis.
sternocleidomastoid.
middle scalene.

sternocleidomastoid.

The interspinalis muscle functions to
laterally flex the vertebral column.
extend the vertebral column and rotate it to the opposite side.
extend the neck and rotate the head.

extend the vertebral column and rotate it to the opposite side.

The most powerful flexor of the forearm at the elbow is the
anconeus.
biceps brachii.
brachioradialis.
brachialis.

brachialis

What is the action of the gluteus maximus muscle?
Elevation of thigh
Abduction of thigh
Flexion of thigh
Extension of thigh
Supination of thigh

Extension of thigh

What is the proximal attachment of the highlighted muscle?
Superior clavicular border
Infraglenoid tubercle of scapula
Coracoid process of scapula
Olecranon of ulna
Medial border of scapula

Infraglenoid tubercle of scapula

Muscles that assist an agonist in performing a movement are known as synergists.
true or false

true

The rhomboid muscle is named for its
origin.
fiber orientation.
size.
action.
shape

shape

Muscles whose functions are to depress either the hyoid bone or the thyroid cartilage of the larynx are the _________ muscles.
infrahyoid
suprahyoid
stylohyoid
mylohyoid

infrahyoid

Which is the "kiss muscle" used for puckering the lips?
Orbicularis oris
Procerus
Depressor labii inferioris
Depressor anguli oris
Orbicularis oculi

Orbicularis oris

Which of the following elevates the ribs?
Internal intercostals
External intercostals
Serratus posterior inferior
Transversus thoracis

External intercostals

When contracted, this muscle causes expansion of the thoracic cavity and increases pressure in the abdominopelvic cavity. Its insertion is on a central tendon.
Diaphragm
External intercostals
Serratus posterior inferior
Transversus thoracis
Internal intercostals

Diaphragm

Which muscle forms the traditional "six-pack" of a well-toned abdominal wall?
Internal oblique
External oblique
Transversus abdominis
Longissimus
Rectus abdominis

Rectus abdominis

What are tendinous intersections?
Narrow, vertical, fibrous strips used to attach muscle sheaths of the left and right rectus abdominis.
Round tendonlike structures attaching muscle to bone.
Flat sheets of connective tissue used for muscle insertion.
Fibrous, perpendicular insertions between successive sheets or blocks of muscle.
Thin layers of muscle used to attach two other muscles together.

Fibrous, perpendicular insertions between successive sheets or blocks of muscle.

What is the diamond-shaped region between the lower appendages called?
The pedundal triangle
The posterior diaphragm
The coccygeal triangle
The periosteum
The perineum

The perineum

Many of the muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm work to _______ the wrist, and they have their proximal attachment on the _______ epicondyle of the humerus.
flex, medial
extend, lateral
flex, lateral

flex, medial

When a child raises her hand to show you she is five years old, she is using all of the following muscles except the
palmar interossei.
flexor digitorum.
extensor digitorum.
lumbricals.
dorsal interossei.

flexor digitorum.

Muscles of the pectoral girdle attach proximally on the
humerus and attach distally on the axial skeleton.
axial skeleton and attach distally on the humerus.
clavicle and scapula and attach distally on the axial skeleton.
humerus and attach distally on the clavicle and scapula.
axial skeleton and attach distally on the clavicle and scapula.

axial skeleton and attach distally on the clavicle and scapula.

Which muscle is the prime extensor of the elbow joint?
Biceps brachii
Brachioradialis
Brachialis
Triceps brachii
Deltoid muscle

Triceps brachii

Of the muscles that move the glenohumeral joint, two attach proximally on the axial skeleton. Which ones?
a: Latissimus dorsi
b: Deltoid
c: Pectoralis major
d: Teres major
e: Coracobrachialis

c and e
a and b
b and d
d and e
a and c

a and c

If you were to remove the gastrocnemius muscle, you would expose the
tibialis posterior.
soleus.
flexor digitorum longus.
fibularis longus.
tibialis anterior.

soleus

Which is one of the largest muscles in the body and the one most responsible for extending and laterally rotating the thigh?
Pectineus
Gluteus maximus
Sartorius
Tensor fasciae latae
Gracilis

Gluteus maximus

There are three gluteal muscles. Select the one that is correctly matched with its primary action.
Gluteus minimus: rotates the thigh
Gluteus medius: abducts the thigh
Gluteus maximus: abducts the thigh

Gluteus medius: abducts the thigh

Which is not one of the hamstring muscles?
Biceps femoris
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
Rectus femoris

Rectus femoris

What two muscles attach distally to the calcaneal tendon?
lexor digitorum longus and flexor hallucis longus
Tibialis posterior and popliteus
Gastrocnemius and soleus
Extensor hallucis longus and fibularis longus
Tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus

Gastrocnemius and soleus

The contractile unit of a myofibril is called the
sarcomere.
sarcoplasm.
M line.
sarcolemma.
sarcoplasmic reticulum.

sarcomere

Which is a characteristic of skeletal muscle from the selections below?
Contains intercalated discs
Lack of striations
Under autonomic nervous control
Multinucleated

Multinucleated

Which structures are reservoirs that store acetylcholine?
Synaptic clefts
Synaptic vesicles
Sarcomeres
Lysosomes
Terminal cisternae

Synaptic vesicles

The action potential of a muscle fiber occurs
within the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
along the sarcolemma and down the T-tubules.
at the end plate.
in the mitochondria.

along the sarcolemma and down the T-tubules.

The calcium ions involved in skeletal muscle contraction bind to a(n)______ subunit.
troponin
tropomyosin
myosin
actin
elastin

troponin

Which may occur as a result of muscle atrophy?
Reduction in muscle size
Fibers become weaker
Muscle loses tone
Fibers waste away and die
All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct.

The membranous network that wraps around myofibrils and holds relatively high concentrations of calcium is known as the
sarcomere.
sarcoplasmic reticulum.
sarcolemma.
Golgi body.
T-tubule.

sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Which is not a protein found in thin filaments?
Tropomyosin
Myosin
No exceptions; all are found in thin filaments
Actin
Troponin

Myosin

Which of the following structures has the active sites to which the heads of the thick filaments will bind?
Actin
Myosin
Troponin
Sarcoplasm
Tropomyosin

Actin

Acetylcholine exerts its effect by
binding to receptors at the motor end plate.
activating acetylcholinesterase.
stimulating the motor neuron's synaptic knob.
allowing calcium to enter the cell.

binding to receptors at the motor end plate.

A sarcomere is defined as the distance from one _____ to the next adjacent ____ . (The same answer fills in both spaces.)
Z disc
M line
A band
H zone
I band

Z disc

The top long-distance runners probably have _______ proportion of slow muscle fibers in their leg muscles.
a higher
a lower
the same

a higher

Which protein makes up the thick filaments?
Actin
Myosin
Troponin
Myopathy
Tropomyosin

Myosin

For elbow flexion,
biceps brachii is the synergist and triceps brachii is the agonist.
biceps brachii is the antagonist and triceps brachii is the agonist.
triceps brachii is the synergist and biceps brachii is the antagonist.
deltoid is the agonist and biceps brachii is the synergist.
biceps brachii is the agonist and triceps brachii is the antagonist.

biceps brachii is the agonist and triceps brachii is the antagonist.

The _________ is a large, saw-toothed, flat, fan-shaped muscle positioned between the ribs and the scapula.
serratus anterior
subclavius
levator scapulae
trapezius
pectoralis minor

serratus anterior

What is the action of the biceps brachii muscle?
Depression of arm
Extension of forearm
Abduction of arm
Flexion of forearm
Adduction of arm

Flexion of forearm

Contraction of the diaphragm assists in
expiration.
inspiration.
flexion at the waist.
extension at the waist.
All of the choices are correct.

inspiration

These two muscles are known as the triceps surae and together are the most powerful plantar flexors of all of the leg muscles.
Flexor digitorum longus and flexor hallucis longus
Tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus
Gastrocnemius and soleus
Extensor hallucis longus and fibularis longus
Tibialis posterior and popliteus

Gastrocnemius and soleus

There are three anterior thoracic muscles. Select the exception.
Pectoralis minor
Levator scapulae
Serratus anterior
Subclavius

Levator scapulae

Which muscles arise from the skull and often attach to the skin?
Muscles that move the tongue
Muscles of mastication
Extrinsic eye muscles
Muscles of facial expression
Muscles of the pharynx

Muscles of facial expression

Many of the muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm work to _______ the wrist, and they have their proximal attachment on the _______ epicondyle of the humerus.
flex, lateral
extend, lateral
flex, medial

flex, medial

Besides the supinator, which other muscle is a powerful supinator of the forearm?
Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Triceps brachii
Pronator teres
Pronator quadratus

Biceps brachii

When a person blinks, she is using her
orbicularis oris.
orbicularis oculi.
occipitofrontalis muscle.
depressor labii inferioris.
procerus.

orbicularis oculi.

The __________ muscles of the foot attach proximally and distally within the foot.
intrinsic and extrinsic
extrinsic
intrinsic

intrinsic

This muscle has its inferior attachment on the manubrium and sternal end of the clavicle and its superior attachment on the mastoid process.
Longissimus capitis
Sternocleidomastoid
Scalene
Splenius cervicus
Splenius capitis

Sternocleidomastoid

The word "biceps" in the name of a muscle refers to the fact that
the insertion of the muscle is split into two parts.
the muscle is shaped in two round sections, one after the other.
the muscle has two very different actions.
the muscle has two tendons of origin.

the muscle has two tendons of origin.