Exam 1 Prep: Vocabulary Flashcards (Chapters 2–4)

Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms from the lecture notes on Colonization & Conflict in the South and North (Ch. 2–4).

Mercantilism

An economic theory in which a nation seeks to accumulate wealth by regulating colonial trade to benefit the mother country, often exporting more than importing and using colonies for raw materials and markets.

Navigation Acts

Mercantilist laws (1660s onward) restricting colonial trade to English ships and enumerated goods to strengthen English control and profits.

Pueblo Revolt (Pope’s Rebellion)

1680 uprising in New Mexico led by Popé that temporarily expelled Spanish settlers and protected Indigenous autonomy.

Popé

Pueblo religious leader who organized the 1680 Pueblo Revolt against Spanish rule.

Powhatan Confederacy

A powerful alliance of Algonquian-speaking tribes in Virginia that engaged in trade with and later resisted English expansion.

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America (1607) in Virginia, where tobacco became a key economic driver.

Tobacco Boom

Rapid expansion of tobacco farming that spurred economic growth but intensified land pressures and conflict with Native peoples.

1622 Uprising

Massive Native attack on Jamestown that led to heavy casualties and the collapse of the Virginia Company’s dominance.

Maryland Founding & Religious Toleration

Proprietary colony founded by the Calvert family; granted religious toleration to Catholics and Protestants.

Bacon’s Rebellion

1676 uprising in Virginia by landless frontier settlers challenging colonial elites and Indian policy.

Coode’s Rebellion

Maryland political and religious conflict opposing proprietary rule and control by the Calvert family.

Indentured Servants to Slavery

Shift from European indentured labor to enslaved African labor as the dominant labor system in many colonies.

Gentry

White landholding elite that supported hierarchical social order and influenced colonial governance.

Barbados Sugar Economy

West Indies model of a plantation-based sugar economy with harsh slave laws and high profitability for Britain.

Yamasee War

1715 conflict in the Carolinas where a Native alliance fought colonial settlements; ended with Cherokee assistance.

Rice Economy in South Carolina

Slave-based plantation system in South Carolina producing wealth but establishing a Black majority.

Georgia Founding

1733 colony founded as a buffer against Spanish Florida and later developing rice/slavery-based economy.

Beaver Wars

Series of mid-17th-century Iroquois campaigns to control fur trade and hunting grounds, disrupting French and Hurons.

Champlain & Huron Alliances

Samuel de Champlain allied with the Huron, Montagnais, and Algonquins to secure beaver trade.

Jesuit Missions

Catholic missionary efforts in North America that sought to convert Native peoples and influence regional politics.

New Amsterdam / New York

Dutch colonial settlement on Manhattan; allied with the Iroquois; later seized by the English and renamed New York.

Puritan 'City upon a Hill'

Massachusetts Bay vision of a godly, model community intended to inspire reform in England.

Predestination

Calvinist belief that God has already determined who will be saved.

Anne Hutchinson

Puritan dissenter who argued against established church authorities and was banished.

Roger Williams

Puritan dissenter who founded Rhode Island, advocating religious liberty and church–state separation.

Pequot War

1637 conflict between English settlers and the Pequot, ending in a English victory and expansion.

Metacom’s War (King Philip’s War)

1675–76 major Native-New England conflict led by Metacom (King Philip) against English settlers.

Lenni Lenape

Delaware people who maintained long-standing relations with Pennsylvanian Quakers.

Quakers & William Penn

Religious group emphasizing tolerance; Penn founded Pennsylvania and promoted peaceful Native relations.

Mayflower Compact

1620 self-governing agreement among Pilgrims establishing a framework for governance without a formal charter.

Middle Colonies as Prototype

Diverse populations and economies in NY, NJ, PA, and DE that foreshadowed later American pluralism.

Dominion of New England

Late 1680s attempt to consolidate northern colonies under royal authority; collapsed after the Glorious Revolution.

Glorious Revolution

1688 overthrow of James II; William and Mary’s rise led to reduced central colonial control and more decentralized governance.

Headright System

Policy granting 50 acres of land to each settler or sponsor to encourage colonization.

New Jersey Split (Quaker Colony)

Quaker influence contributed to the split/creation of New Jersey between different colonial jurisdictions.

Pueblo Population Decline

Significant Pueblo population losses (1620–1680) largely due to epidemic disease brought by Europeans.

Native American Agency

Indigenous peoples actively shaping events through diplomacy, warfare, and strategic alliances.